The 12-count indictment against Paul Manafort and a business partner this week rattled Washington's K Street lobbying corps, as lawyers and consultants now find themselves forced to reassess their past disclosures and future compliance with rules that govern advocacy for foreign clients.

Special Counsel Robert Mueller's team, investigating Russia's interference with the 2016 presidential election, charged Manafort with lobbying for the Ukrainian government without registering with the U.S. Justice Department as required under what had been an arcane federal law: the Foreign Agents Registration Act.

Manafort's indictment has thrust that law—passed in 1938 to combat a Nazi propaganda campaign in the United States—into the spotlight and spurred speculation that tighter enforcement and disclosure requirements will be coming to the influence industry.

“The phone has been ringing off the hook from organizations and companies who decided maybe they needed to reevaluate their obligations under FARA,” said Daniel Pickard, a Wiley Rein partner who specializes in international trade and election law. “I think there have probably been a lot of sleepless nights in D.C. this week.”

The questions primarily concern two areas: the scope of the activities covered under FARA and an exemption that allows lobbyists to instead report their activities under the federal Lobbying Disclosure Act, which demands less detailed disclosure.

Many lobbyists long have taken the view that unless they directly contact a government official on behalf of a foreign government, they are not engaging in activity that requires them to register with the Justice Department. Even behind-the-scenes activities such as public relations and political consulting in the United States require registration under FARA, according to lawyers who advise lobbyists and others on disclosure obligations.

“Without naming any names, I'll just say I have marveled at the fact that a lot of global consulting firms—and that's the only way I'm going to describe it—who get paid by foreign governments on policy matters to provide strategic advice almost pride themselves on not being FARA-registered,” said Mayer Brown senior advisor Toby Moffett, a FARA-registered lobbyist who sold his lobby shop, the Moffett Group, to the law firm in 2014.

“They sort of convince themselves that this is not lobbying for foreign clients,” he added.

Mueller's prosecution team accused Manafort and a business partner, Rick Gates, not only of failing to register as foreign agents but also of submitting “false and misleading” letters to the Justice Department in November 2016 and February 2017 after the government inquired about their lobbying efforts on behalf of the Ukrainian government and related foreign entities.

A former lawyer for Manafort who had sent the letters was ordered last month by a federal judge in Washington to testify before the grand jury Mueller's team convened in the Russia investigation. In a court ruling unsealed Monday, U.S. District Judge Beryl Howell did not identify the lawyer—a witness for the prosecution—but described her in a footnote as “an unwitting participant in the crime alleged.”

The National Law Journal confirmed this week that the lawyer was Melissa Laurenza, a partner at Akin Gump Strauss Hauer & Feld who focuses on campaign law and lobbying registration matters. Laurenza has declined to talk about the Russia probe.

Kevin Downing, a lawyer for Manafort, this week called the government's charges “ridiculous.” He told reporters in a statement: “Today, you've seen an indictment brought by an office of special counsel that is using a very novel theory to prosecute Mr. Manafort regarding a FARA filing.”

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New Focus on FARA Is 'Game-Changer'

Jason Abel, of counsel at Steptoe & Johnson LLP, said the Manafort indictment fueled already-building demand for understanding the contours of the Foreign Agents Registration Act.

“I think this week's events are a game-changer with respect to attention paid on FARA. In my mind, there will be a renewed emphasis on exactly what is FARA, what activities does the law cover and what type of diligence do representatives need to do before engaging in those activities,” Abel said. “One popular misconception of FARA is that it only covers lobbying, and if you take one look at the law, you realize it's much broader.”

After peaking at 916 registrations in 1987, new entries under FARA dropped off in the mid-1990s. The Justice Department's national security division drew a connection to the 1995 passage of the Lobbying Disclosure Act, which “carved out a significant exemption” that allowed lobbyists to avoid registering under FARA if they represent a foreign commercial interest rather than a foreign government or foreign political party, according to a 2016 audit by Justice Department inspector general Michael Horowitz.

But the line between a commercial and state interest can be fuzzy. In some cases, lobbying is still funded or directed by a government or political party, with the commercial client serving as something of a front.

“I think due diligence should be conducted to make sure the entities represented are truly not foreign governments and foreign parties if you plan to take advantage of that exemption,” Abel said.

The law has been enforced with a light touch.

Between 1966 and 2015, the Justice Department “only brought seven criminal FARA cases,” according to Horowitz's report last year. Since 1991, the department's national security division has only once sought civil injunctive relief over an alleged FARA violation.

Congress has also taken notice. At a hearing in July, Sen. Chuck Grassley, chairman of the Senate Judiciary Committee, said only 400 people are currently registered as foreign agents. “Does anyone seriously think that only 400 people in the whole United States take foreign money for P.R. and lobbying work?”

Before he sold his namesake lobbying firm to Mayer Brown, Moffett said he was “perennially horrified and losing sleep that maybe we weren't in compliance.”

“You look at these small firms like mine was, representing a country or two,” said Moffett, who previously served as a Democratic U.S. representative from Connecticut. “Those are the people tonight trying to find a law firm to tell them if they're OK.”

Read more:

Akin Gump Lawyer Was Compelled to Testify at Manafort Grand Jury

Amy Berman Jackson, Judge Assigned to Manafort Case, No Stranger to Spotlight

Mueller's 'Elegant Trap' May Signal Money Problems for Manafort, Lawyers Say

Paul Manafort Lawyer Kevin Downing Calls Criminal Charges 'Ridiculous'