Editor's note: After this article was published in the June edition of The American Lawyer, Turo CLO Michelle Fang released a set of actionable steps for general counsel looking to promote diverse legal talent. 

As minorities see incremental growth in representation within Big Law, black attorney ranks have remained mostly stagnant for nearly a decade, according to The ­American Lawyer's 2019 Diversity Scorecard. And despite a renewed push for diversity among in-house counsel, black lawyers don't anticipate sudden changes without a measure of accountability among law schools, law firms and clients.

Since 2011, black lawyers have seen both the slowest growth among the Am Law 200's ranks—from 3.1 percent to 3.3 percent—and the lowest levels of representation when compared with other minority groups, such as Asian Americans and Hispanics. In that time, total minority representation has risen from 13.6 percent to 16.9 percent.

While most diversity experts would agree that representation among minorities remains far below parity with the total U.S. population, Asian American and Hispanic attorneys make up 7.3 and 4.1 percent of Big Law benches, respectively. Additionally, both have seen a 1.1 percent uptick in representation since 2011.

Black associates and partners are underrepresented even among the top performers on this year's Diversity Scorecard.

Fragomen took the top spot on this year's scorecard, which double-counts partners to emphasize the importance of promoting minority attorneys, with 32.5 percent of its attorneys identifying as racial minorities. Even then, the firm reported zero black partners. White & Case came in second, reporting 33.2 percent minority representation. Only 29 of the firm's 788 attorneys are black, or 3.7 percent, and only three of those are partners.

Cleary Gottlieb Steen & Hamilton (8.2 percent); Constangy Brooks, Smith & Prophete (7.9 percent); and Kasowitz Benson Torres (7.3 percent) reported the highest proportion of black attorneys. Interestingly, none of those firms took the top spots when isolating for black partnership levels. Butler Snow and Phelps Dunbar reported the highest rate of black representation among their partnership at 5.4 percent each.

For comparison, Fenwick & West reported the highest proportion of Asian Americans. More than 23 percent of the firm's attorneys are of Asian descent. Florida-based Cole, Scott & Kissane employs 93 Hispanic attorneys to lead the way at 21.5 percent.

Diversity professionals and black attorneys point to a variety of reasons for the discrepancy, ranging from inequities at the law school level to cultural repercussions born out of the historical African American experience in the United States.

Michelle Silverthorn, founder and CEO of diversity consulting firm Inclusion Nation, points to the lack of black law students present in the go-to schools for associate hiring.

Michelle Silverthorn, founder and CEO of Inclusion Nation

As with Big Law, black students often see less overall representation in top law schools compared with other minority groups. Black students account for 7.4 percent of the 2018 student body among the law schools most popular within the Am Law 200: Harvard, Georgetown, New York, Columbia and the University of Virginia, according to American Bar Association data.

“These law firms are all competing for the same small pool of black students at top colleges,” Silverthorn says. “A lot of this is about debt. Many black students are the first in their family to go to law school. They go to the schools that give them the most money, which most of the time are lower-ranked schools.”

Black students also have a lower chance of being accepted to law schools than their white peers, even with similar scores, according to 2016 data compiled by the Law School Admissions Council. LSAT-heavy admission processes often put black students, who often lack the preparation resources of their white counterparts, at a disadvantage, experts say.

“If you look at the same schools to do all of your hiring, you'll miss the numerous talented black attorneys from lower-ranked schools,” Silverthorn says.

Recruitment is one issue; retention is another. While black lawyers make up 4.4 percent of nonpartner attorneys in the Am Law 200, only 2 percent of partners are black.

B. Delano Jordan, founder of Jordan IP Law.

B. Delano Jordan is among those who left Big Law before making partner. An intellectual property attorney, Jordan left 800-attorney Alston & Bird a year after arriving as of counsel. It marked the second time he left a firm feeling like his race was a problem. He previously left now-defunct Kenyon & Kenyon, he says, because management was discouraging him from building business. Instead, partners recommended he help rainmakers, with the hope that they would chip off some work for him.

Alston did not respond to a request for comment.

While the tug between supporting partners and developing business plays out for all attorneys, regardless of race, Jordan's experience is that when older rainmakers—disproportionately white and male—retire, they often leave the lion's share of clients to white attorneys.

Without the opportunity to develop business, Jordan feared that he would be relegated to what he calls a “partner in name only,” or “PNO,” as many of his fellow black attorneys had been. He left to start his own firm, Jordan Intellectual Property Law.

“The history, no matter what anybody wants to say, of the African American experience in the U.S. is ­unparalleled,” Jordan says. “When you take that initial tilt or slant of the playing field and you lay that onto the law firm environment, which some would say is cutthroat, it tilts it even more.”

He adds, “I felt like personally there was no way to survive in that environment. I had to start my own firm.”

The slant, he says, affects how much partners trust a black attorney to develop their own business. Bias affects how much risk an attorney can stomach, for fear of having their failures magnified, he says.

“We have to work harder. We have to outperform in order to come out on par,” Jordan says.

Solutions and Skepticism

Aside from recruiting from a wider breadth of schools, law firms could establish mentorship programs beginning from undergraduate and stretching through law school, says Marlon Hill, a partner at Miami firm Hamilton, Miller & Birthisel. Early education is a personal issue for Hill, who emigrated from Jamaica when he was a high school sophomore. He has spent five years organizing a legal study program at the majority black Brownsville Middle School.