The Tenth Circuit recently reaffirmed the scope of the mandate rule in United States v. Dutch, 978 F.3d 1341 (10th Cir. 2020) (Dutch II). The circuit court ruled that in a prior appeal, it had issued specific directions—not a general remand—and the district court erred by failing to follow those directions. The circuit court explained that, while it was not infallible, the district court was obligated to follow its instructions, even if the court believed the circuit court had erred or had insufficiently explained its rationale. The court noted that a district court may deviate from the mandate only in a few exceptional circumstances that did not exist here.