In the multidistrict litigation over Juul electronic cigarettes, U.S. District Judge William Orrick of the Northern District of California asked the lawyers to provide a demographic breakdown of exactly which lawyers were doing what in the cases.

Nine months ago, he got the report: Of the 62 plaintiffs' firms involved in the case, there were no Black or Hispanic lawyers working on the litigation. He told lawyers at a hearing, "You have to do better. The courts have to do better."