The full case caption appears at the
end of this opinion. MORGAN, J. – Diane Lins sued her employer for wrongful discharge. The trial court dismissed her suit on summary judgment. Taking the evidence and reasonable inferences in the light most favorable to Lins,
[FOOTNOTE 1] we reverse and remand for trial. Children’s Discovery Centers of America, Inc., operates a number of child care centers. In March 1995, it employed Pam French as its operations director for the West Coast. One of French’s subordinates was Diane Lins, a regional director in charge of six child care centers in the Portland/Vancouver area. French had authority to direct, evaluate, and fire Lins. Before the events in issue here, CDC promoted Lins and gave her good performance ratings. It did not put her on probation or assert that she was performing deficiently. On March 8, 1995, Lins and five other CDC employees were injured in an auto accident that occurred in the course and scope of their employment for CDC. Lins later referred to the other five as “directors” because each of the five was the director of a particular child care center. Each of those injured, including Lins, filed a workers’ compensation claim with the Washington Department of Labor and Industries. A week or two after the accident, French ordered Lins to fire the other five employees no later than May 1, 1995. French had heard that two of them were consulting attorneys and “contemplating suing CDC;”
[FOOTNOTE 2] she “didn’t trust either of them not to sue the company, and she was not going to allow that to happen.”
[FOOTNOTE 3] She harbored similar feelings about the remaining three, even though they had not yet seen attorneys. According to Lins’ deposition testimony:
Q: So after the employees filed their insurance claims for their injuries, did {French} . . . have a continuing concern that there would be ongoing litigation?
A: At that point she felt that, because they had considered it, that they couldn’t be trustworthy employees; and that she felt that they had crossed what she considered the loyalty line; and that there was no return for them.
Q: And the only two people that had discussed calling an attorney were Julie and Patty, correct?
A: That I know of, at that time.
Q: So that didn’t include Angie or Kari or Shelley?
A: Right.
Q: And so why would there be concerns about letting them go, that were expressed to you, in your own opinion?
A: When I met with Pam in California, it was approximately two weeks after the accident, if not sooner, she had said that, in the best interest of the company, to avoid any more problems over the car accident, that we would need to dismiss all the directors involved because she just felt it was best for the company.
She didn’t want directors talking about it. She wanted it to be a non- existent fact on her record. And in order to do that, we had to get rid of the directors.{ [FOOTNOTE 4] }
Lins could not lawfully have carried out French’s order. RCW 51.48.025 declares, “No employer may discharge or in any manner discriminate against any employee because such employee has filed or communicated to the employer an intent to file a claim for compensation or exercises any rights provided under {Title 51 RCW}.” [FOOTNOTE 5] Realizing she could not lawfully perform French’s order, Lins refused to do so. She later explained:
I knew that they and I had legal rights to claims under the worker compensation statute. To fire them would send a clear message that they should not have exercised their legal rights, and I knew it would be illegal for me to take such action.{ [FOOTNOTE 6] }
On May 5, 1995, French gave Lins her first poor performance review and put her on probation. Effective June 22, 1995, French fired Lins for “Neglect of Duties/Poor Performance.” [FOOTNOTE 7] French did not fire the other five employees, but four of them later left CDC. On December 11, 1996, Lins sued CDC. She alleged that she had been wrongfully discharged “in violation of the public policy of the state of Washington which mandates that an employee may not be terminated for refusing to perform an illegal act.” [FOOTNOTE 8] She further alleged that CDC knew or should have known about French’s actions. Six months later, CDC moved for summary judgment. It correctly pointed out that Lins was not claiming she had been fired for filing her own worker’s compensation claim; rather, she was claiming that she had been fired for refusing to obey French’s unlawful order. Although conceding that it could not lawfully fire an employee for filing a worker’s compensation claim, it argued that it could lawfully fire an employee for refusing to obey an unlawful order to fire other employees because the others had filed such claims. The trial court granted the motion and dismissed the case. The issue on appeal is whether public policy prevents an employer from retaliating for an employee’s refusal to carry out the employer’s clearly unlawful order. We hold that it does, at least under the circumstances present here. Subject to many exceptions, an employer may discharge an employee at will. [FOOTNOTE 9] The exceptions pertinent here arise from public policy. [FOOTNOTE 10] Public policy prohibits an employer from considering certain characteristics when deciding whether to discharge an employee. Thus, it is unlawful for an employer to discharge an employee “because of age, sex, marital status, race, creed, color, national origin, or the presence of any sensory, mental, or physical disability . . . .” [FOOTNOTE 11] It is also unlawful for an employer to discharge because an employee has tested positive for HIV “unless the absence of HIV infection is a bona fide occupational qualification for the job in question.” [FOOTNOTE 12] Public policy also prohibits an employer from considering certain activities when deciding whether to discharge an employee. Thus, it is unlawful for an employer to discharge an employee because the employee refuses to do an illegal act, [FOOTNOTE 13] or performs a public duty or obligation such as serving on a jury [FOOTNOTE 14] or saving another citizen’s life. [FOOTNOTE 15] It is unlawful for an employer to discharge an employee because the employee exercises a legal right or privilege, such as filing a worker’s compensation complaint under RCW 51; [FOOTNOTE 16] filing a discrimination complaint under RCW 49.60; [FOOTNOTE 17] filing a whistleblower complaint under RCW 42.40; [FOOTNOTE 18] filing a complaint under the Washington Industrial Safety and Health Act (WISHA), RCW 49.17; [FOOTNOTE 19] filing a community-right-to-know complaint under RCW 49.70; [FOOTNOTE 20] reporting nursing home abuse under RCW 70.124; [FOOTNOTE 21] filing a farm-labor claim under RCW 19.30; [FOOTNOTE 22] filing a minimum wage claim under RCW 49.46; [FOOTNOTE 23] filing a family-leave claim under RCW 49.78; [FOOTNOTE 24] or engaging in collective bargaining activities under RCW 49.32.020. [FOOTNOTE 25] It is unlawful for an employer to discharge an employee because of certain garnishments [FOOTNOTE 26] and wage assignments. [FOOTNOTE 27] These and similar provisions are often summarized by saying that it is unlawful for an employer to “retaliate” against an employee for “protected activity.” The problem, of course, is defining the “activity” that public policy “protects.” Either the legislature or the judiciary may address that problem, the legislature through statutes and the judiciary through decisional law. When the judiciary addresses the problem, it inquires (1) whether a clear public policy exists; [FOOTNOTE 28] (2) whether that policy will be jeopardized unless the activity in issue is protected; [FOOTNOTE 29] (3) whether employers in general have “overriding justification” for wanting to use the activity in issue as a factor affecting the decision to discharge; [FOOTNOTE 30] and (4) whether the particular employee’s activity in the case at bar was a substantial factor in (i.e., a cause of) the particular employer’s decision to discharge. [FOOTNOTE 31] Always, however, the judiciary should be slow to protect activity not previously protected; as the Supreme Court has said, “{C}ourts should proceed cautiously if called upon to declare public policy absent some prior legislative or judicial expression on the subject.” [FOOTNOTE 32] Turning to the first of the four elements just identified, we hold that Washington has a clear public policy against firing an employee because he or she has filed a worker’s compensation claim. As already seen, the legislature declared in RCW 51.48.025 that “no employer may discharge or in any manner discriminate against any employee because such employee has filed or communicated to the employer an intent to file a claim for compensation or exercises any rights provided under {Title 51 RCW}.” [FOOTNOTE 33] Similarly, the Supreme court declared in Wilmot v. Kaiser:
Even without RCW 51.48.025, we would acknowledge existence of a clear mandate of public policy against retaliatory discharge of employees for pursuing workers’s compensation benefits and allow a tort cause of action for wrongful discharge, as have a number of other jurisdictions.{ [FOOTNOTE 34] }
Turning to the second element, we hold that the policy just described will be jeopardized if, without incurring liability, an employer can fire an employee for refusing to carry out a clearly unlawful order. If the employee’s refusal is not protected from retaliation, the employee will likely perform the order to save his or her job; the employer will have a readily available means by which to implement its unlawful order; and the policy stated by the legislature and Supreme Court will be impaired or destroyed. But if the employee’s refusal is protected, the employee will be likely to refuse the order; the employer will be denied a readily available means by which to implement the order; and the policy stated by the legislature and Supreme Court will be served. Turning to the third element, we hold that employers do not have any “overriding justification” for wanting to consider an employee’s refusal to perform an unlawful order when deciding whether to fire the employee. By virtue of the order being unlawful in the first instance, the employer should not have given it, and the employer has no legitimate interest in having it carried out. Finally, on the fourth element, a jury could reasonably infer from the evidence in this record that Lins’ refusal to carry out French’s unlawful order was a substantial factor in Lins’ being fired. We conclude that Lins’ refusal to carry out French’s order was conduct protected by public policy, that French’s retaliation was unlawful, and that Lins has presented evidence sufficient to go to a jury. CDC claims that Gardner v. Loomis, the case from which we take the above analysis, has no bearing here; that the court in Dicomes v. State was establishing four separate torts when it set forth four general areas in which a discharge may violate public policy; [FOOTNOTE 35] and that an act cannot be “illegal” for purposes of a public policy wrongful discharge claim unless it is criminal. Rejecting these arguments, we hold that Gardner v. Loomis obviously governs this case; that the Dicomes court was merely grouping cases for convenience of analysis; and that an act need not be criminal in order to be significant for purposes of a public policy wrongful discharge claim. Reversed and remanded for further proceedings. Morgan, J. We concur: Armstrong, A.C.J. Hunt, J. :::FOOTNOTES::: FN1 Young v. Key Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 112 Wn.2d 216, 225-26, 770 P.2d 182 (1989). FN2 Clerk’s Papers at 102 (Affidavit of Lins). Although French “later realized that employees could not independently bring suit against their employer, but had to file worker compensation claims,” she later told Lins “that they should be fired because their intent showed disloyalty.” Clerk’s Papers at 34 (Deposition of Lins). FN3 Clerk’s Papers at 34 (Deposition of Lins). FN4 Clerk’s Papers at 36. FN5 RCW 51.48.025(1). FN6 Clerk’s Papers at 102-03. FN7 Clerk’s Papers at 47. FN8 Clerk’s Papers at 4 (Amended Complaint). FN9 Gardner v. Loomis Armored, Inc., 128 Wn.2d 931, 935, 913 P.2d 377 (1996); Dicomes v. State, 113 Wn.2d 612, 617, 782 P.2d 1002 (1989); Roberts v. Arco, 88 Wn.2d 887, 891, 568 P.2d 764 (1977). FN10 Exceptions may also arise from contract, but we are not concerned with those here. See Riccobono v. Pierce County, 92 Wn. App. 254, 263, 966 P.2d 327 (1998). FN11 RCW 49.60.180(2). FN12 RCW 49.60.172(2). FN13 Gardner, 128 Wn.2d at 936; Dicomes, 113 Wn.2d at 618; Thompson v. St. Regis Paper Co., 102 Wn.2d 219, 233, 685 P.2d 1081 (1984). FN14 Nees v. Hocks, 272 Or. 210, 536 P.2d 512 (1975), cited in Dicomes, 113 Wn.2d at 618. FN15 Gardner, 128 Wn.2d at 931. FN16 RCW 51.48.025; Warnek v. ABB Combustion Engineering Services, Inc., 137 Wn.2d 450, 456, 972 P.2d 453 (1999); Wilmot v. Kaiser Aluminum and Chemical Corp., 118 Wn.2d 46, 821 P.2d 18 (1991). FN17 RCW 49.60.210(1). FN18 RCW 49.60.210(2). FN19 RCW 49.17.160. FN20 RCW 49.70.110. FN21 RCW 70.124.060. FN22 RCW 19.30.190. FN23 RCW 49.46.100(2). FN24 RCW 49.78.130. FN25 Bravo v. Dolsen Companies, 125 Wn.2d 745, 757-58, 888 P.2d 147 (1995); RCW 49.32.020. FN26 RCW 6.27.170. FN27 RCW 9.94A.2005 (7); RCW 26.18.110(8); RCW 26.23.080; RCW 74.20A.230. FN28 Gardner, 128 Wn.2d at 941. FN29 Gardner, 128 Wn.2d at 941. Gardner actually states, “The plaintiffs must prove that discouraging the conduct in which they engaged would jeopardize the public policy.” This language works when the employee’s conduct is an act of commission, such as Gardner’s running to the aid of a woman held hostage. It does not work when the employee’s conduct is an omission, such as refusing to fire a worker for filing a worker’s compensation claim. Without intending to change its meaning, we have reworded it to accommodate omission as well as commission. FN30 Gardner, 128 Wn.2d at 941, 947-49. This was the fourth element in Gardner, but we have made it the third here. Gardner’s first, second and fourth elements (our first three elements) are similar because each involves a legislative fact. Gardner’s third element is different because it involves an adjudicative fact. We think clarity is enhanced by putting together those that are similar, and putting last the one that is different. For the distinction between legislative and adjudicative facts, see Wyman v. Wallace, 94 Wn.2d 99, 615 P.2d 452 (1980), and Advisory Committee’s Note to FRE 201, 56 F.R.D. 183, 201-204. FN31 Gardner, 128 Wn.2d at 941; Allison v. Housing Authority, 118 Wn.2d 79, 95, 821 P.2d 34 (1991); Wilmot, 118 Wn.2d at 71-72. This was the third element in Gardner, but we have made it the fourth here. See the preceding footnote. FN32 Gardner, 128 Wn.2d at 936; Dicomes, 113 Wn.2d at 617; Thompson, 102 Wn.2d at 232; see also Schonauer v. DCR Entertainment, 79 Wn. App. 808, 827, 905 P.2d 392 (1995). FN33 RCW 51.48.025(1). FN34 Wilmot,118 Wn.2d at 54. FN35 At 113 Wn.2d 618, the Dicomes court said, “Courts have found contravention of a clear mandate of public policy in four general areas: (1) where the discharge was the result of refusing to commit an illegal act; (2) where the discharge resulted due to the employee performing a public duty or obligation; (3) where the termination resulted because the employee exercised a legal right or privilege; and (4) where the discharge was premised on employee ‘whistleblowing’ activity {citations omitted}.” DIANE LINS and BRIAN LINS, husband and wife, and the marital community composed thereof, Appellants, v. CHILDREN’S DISCOVERY CENTERS OF AMERICAN, INC., a foreign corporation, Respondent. No. 22424-1-II Court of Appeals Division II, State of Washington Filed May 7, 1999 Appeal from Superior Court of Clark County Docket No: 96-2-04857-1 Judgment or order under review Date filed: 09/04/1997 Judge signing: Hon. Robert L. Harris Authored by J. Dean Morgan Concurring: David H. Armstrong J. Robin Hunt Counsel for Appellant(s) Gregory E. Price Attorney At Law 112 W Eleventh St Ste 150 Vancouver, WA 98660-3143 Counsel for Respondent(s) Lynda J. Hartzell Brownstein Rask Sweeney etal 1200 SW Main St Portland, OR 97205
