The full case caption appears at the
end of this opinion. RHESA HAWKINS BARKSDALE, Circuit Judge: Solely at issue is whether the district court abused its discretion by applying equitable estoppel to compel arbitration for anaction centered on tortious interference with a contract with an arbitration clause, brought by signatories to the contractagainst non-signatories, the court holding that, because this action is intertwined with, and dependent upon, that contract, itsarbitration agreement should be given effect. We AFFIRM. I. “Return of the Texas Chain Saw Massacre” (the movie) was filmed in 1993-94; then “obscure actors” MatthewMcConaughey and Renee Zellweger acted in it. The movie was produced by Ultra Muchos, Inc., and River City Films, Inc.The trustee for the movie’s owners is Charles Grigson. In October 1995, Ultra Muchos and River City entered into a distribution agreement with Columbia TriStar Home Video,Inc. It was given exclusive distribution rights and complete discretion on how to exercise them; the producers were to receivea percentage of the movie’s gross revenue. And, by separate, earlier agreement, the owners were to receive a portion of theproducers’ percentage. In the period post-acting in the movie and prior to the fall of 1996, McConaughey signed an agency contract with CreativeArtists Agency, L.L.C. The movie’s distribution was delayed by TriStar to take advantage of Zellweger and McConaughey’ssuccess in subsequent movies. Subsequently, however, TriStar gave the movie only a limited distribution. In district court in mid-1997, Grigson, as trustee, sued Ultra Muchos, River City, and TriStar for breach of the distributionagreement. But, Grigson quickly and voluntarily had the action dismissed that fall, when TriStar sought to enforce thedistribution agreement’s arbitration clause, which contains a forum selection provision (Los Angeles County, California). In late 1997, a few months after the voluntary dismissal of the first action, Grigson, now joined by Ultra Muchos and RiverCity, filed this action in state court against McConaughey and Creative Artists (Defendants) for, inter alia, tortiousinterference with the distribution agreement, claiming that such interference occurred between McConaughey’s signing withCreative Artists and the movie’s limited distribution. In this regard, Defendants allegedly pressured TriStar to limit the releasebecause they viewed it as an improper exploitation of McConaughey’s success post-acting in the movie. After the action was removed to federal court on the basis of diversity of citizenship, Defendants, although non-signatories tothe distribution agreement, moved to compel arbitration under the agreement. The same district court that had permitted thevoluntary dismissal of Grigson’s first action ruled that Grigson, Ultra Muchos, and River City (Appellants) were equitablyestopped from relying upon Defendants’ being non-signatories. This was based upon holding that, because the claims are sointertwined with, and dependent upon, the distribution agreement, its arbitration clause should be given effect. Accordingly, inthe light of the forum selection provision in the arbitration clause, the court dismissed the action so that the parties couldproceed in the mandated forum (Los Angeles County, California). II. Arbitration is favored in the law. See Moses H. Cone Mem. Hosp. v. Mercury Constr. Corp., 460 U.S. 1 , 24-25 (1983).Accordingly, parties to such agreements cannot avoid them by casting their claims in tort, rather than in contract. See e.g.,Acevedo Maldonado v. PPG Indus., Inc., 514 F.2d 614, 616 (1st Cir. 1975). Likewise, proceedings against parties andnon-parties to the arbitration agreement are stayed pending the outcome of arbitration, when the action against the non-partyis dependent upon interpretation of the underlying contract. See Subway Equip. Leasing Corp. v. Forte, 169 F.3d 324,329 (5th Cir. 1999). Similarly, as discussed infra, in certain limited instances, pursuant to an equitable estoppel doctrine, anon-signatory-to-an- arbitration-agreement-defendant can nevertheless compel arbitration against a signatory-plaintiff. In the distribution agreement, Ultra Muchos, River City, and TriStar agreed that any dispute or controversy relating to any of the matters referred to in clauses (d)(i),(ii), or (iii), above, shall be decided by a Rent-A-Judge, mutually selected by the parties (or, if they cannot agree, by the Presiding Judge of the Los Angeles Superior Court) appointed in accordance with California Code of Civil Procedure Section 638, sitting without a jury, in Los Angeles County California, and the Parties hereby submit to the jurisdiction of such court. The parties to this action agree that this procedure is the equivalent of arbitration, which would be subject to the FederalArbitration Act, 9 U.S.C. � 1 et seq. The clauses referenced in the arbitration provision concern (i) the validity and interpretation of this agreement, (ii) the performance by the Parties of their respective obligations hereunder, and (iii) all other causes of action (whether sounding in contract or in tort) arising out of or relating to this Agreement…. Because the owners seek compensation through the distribution agreement, Grigson admits that he is a third party beneficiaryof that agreement; and that, therefore, he is required, as are the signatory-producers, to arbitrate with TriStar all disputesconcerning that agreement. Appellants contend, however, that they are not required to arbitrate with Defendants, becausethey are not parties to the distribution agreement; and because, in the alternative, Defendants do not fall within whatAppellants view as the quite limited bases for application of equitable estoppel to compel arbitration: either a specialrelationship to the distribution agreement signatories, or a role in carrying out the agreement’s obligations. Creative Artists andMcConaughey counter that, because the charged tortious interference is intertwined with the distribution agreement, they areentitled, through application of equitable estoppel, to compel arbitration. This is an issue of first impression for our circuit. Other circuits have, in a few instances, allowed a non-signatory to a contractwith an arbitration clause to compel arbitration under an equitable estoppel theory, including when the action is intertwinedwith, and dependent upon, that contract. E.g., Sunkist Soft Drinks, Inc. v. Sunkist Growers, Inc., 10 F.3d 753, 757 (11thCir. 1993), cert. denied, 513 U.S. 869 (1994); Hughes Masonry Co., Inc. v. Greater Clark County Sch. Bldg. Corp.,659 F.2d 836, 841 n.9 (7th Cir. 1981). The Eleventh Circuit has taken the lead in applying equitable estoppel under the intertwined-claims basis. See also McBroPlanning & Dev. Co. v. Triangle Elec. Constr. Co., 741 F.2d 342 (11th Cir. 1984). The test, which rejects the narrowstrictures urged by Appellants, see Sunkist, 10 F.3d at 757-58, is framed nicely by that circuit in MS Dealer Serv. Corp. v.Franklin, 177 F.3d 942, 947 (11th Cir. 1999): Existing case law demonstrates that equitable estoppel allows a nonsignatory to compel arbitration in two different circumstances. First, equitable estoppel applies when the signatory to a written agreement containing an arbitration clause must rely on the terms of the written agreement in asserting its claims against the nonsignatory. When each of a signatory’s claims against a nonsignatory makes reference to or presumes the existence of the written agreement, the signatory’s claims arise out of and relate directly to the written agreement, and arbitration is appropriate. Second, application of equitable estoppel is warranted when the signatory to the contract containing an arbitration clause raises allegations of substantially interdependent and concerted misconduct by both the nonsignatory and one or more of the signatories to the contract. Otherwise the arbitration proceedings between the two signatories would be rendered meaningless and the federal policy in favor of arbitration effectively thwarted. (Internal citations and quotation marks omitted; emphasis added.) We agree with the intertwined-claims test formulated by the Eleventh Circuit. Each case, of course, turns on its facts. Suchequitable estoppel is much more readily applicable when the case presents both independent bases advanced by the EleventhCircuit for applying the intertwined-claims doctrine. That is the situation here. The linchpin for equitable estoppel is equity –fairness. For the case at hand, to not apply this intertwined-claims basis to compel arbitration would fly in the face of fairness. For the above-quoted statement from MS Dealer Serv. Corp. that equitable estoppel is applied in order to fulfill federalpro-arbitration policy, the Eleventh Circuit quoted from our court’s decision in Sam Reisfeld & Son Import Co. v. S. A.Eteco, 530 F.2d 679, 681 (5th Cir. 1976), which used an intertwined-claims rationale for staying judicial proceedingsagainst two defendants, with links to a third, pending arbitration with plaintiff. Unlike third-defendant, the other two were notsignatories to the arbitration agreement with plaintiff. Our court held, accordingly, that the district court had “discretion” tostay the judicial proceedings as to all three defendants, even though, as noted, two were not parties to the arbitrationagreement: “[t]he charges against these two defendants were based on the same operative facts and were inherentlyinseparable from the claims against” third-defendant, a signatory to the agreement. Id. Accordingly, our court concluded thatthe district court had not abused its discretion. Although Reisfeld does not apply equitable estoppel per se, its ratio decidendi comports with that for application of thatdoctrine to allow a defendant non-signatory to an arbitration agreement to compel arbitration with a plaintiff-signatory. Inshort, although arbitration is a matter of contract and cannot, in general, be required for a matter involving an arbitrationagreement non-signatory, a signatory to that agreement cannot, in those instances described in MS Dealer Serv. Corp.,”have it both ways”: it cannot, on the one hand, seek to hold the non-signatory liable pursuant to duties imposed by theagreement, which contains an arbitration provision, but, on the other hand, deny arbitration’s applicability because thedefendant is a non-signatory. MS Dealer Serv. Corp., 177 F.3d at 947; Hughes Masonry Co., 659 F.2d at 838-39.Again, to allow such inconsistent positions would be inequitable, to say the least. Moreover, as noted, it would be especially inequitable where, as here, a signatory non-defendant is charged withinterdependent and concerted misconduct with a non-signatory defendant. In such instances, that signatory, in essence,becomes a party, with resulting loss, inter alia, of time and money because of its required participation in the proceeding.Concomitantly, detrimental reliance by that signatory cannot be denied: it and the signatory-plaintiff had agreed to arbitrationin lieu of litigation (generally far more costly in terms of time and expense); but, the plaintiff is seeking to avoid that agreementby bringing the action against a non-signatory charged with acting in concert with that non-defendant signatory. Of course,detrimental reliance is one of the elements for the usual application of equitable estoppel. E.g., In re Coastal Plains, 179F.3d 197, 207 (5th Cir. 1999), petition for cert. filed, 68 U.S.L.W. 3311 (U.S. 1 Oct. 1999)(No. 99-756). Accordingly, whether to utilize equitable estoppel in this fashion is within the district court’s discretion; we review todetermine only whether it has been abused. E.g., Scholle Corp. v. Blackhawk Molding Co., 133 F.3d 1469, 1471 (Fed.Cir. 1998); Hoefler v. Babbitt, 139 F.3d 726, 727 (9th Cir.), cert. denied, ___ U.S. ___, 119 S. Ct. 70 (1998). See InRe Coastal Plains, Inc., 179 F.3d at 205 (judicial estoppel). To constitute an abuse of discretion, the district court’sdecision must be either premised on an application of the law that is erroneous, or on an assessment of the evidence that isclearly erroneous. Id. The district court did not abuse its discretion by concluding “that Plaintiffs’ claims are so intertwined with and dependentupon the Distribution Agreement that the arbitration agreement within the Distribution Agreement should be given effect”. Thisconclusion is compelled by comparing the complaint (the operative facts for purposes of the motion to compel arbitration)with the distribution agreement (an exhibit to the complaint). This is quickly and amply demonstrated with but a fewexamples. The distribution agreement is not the only contract for which tortious interference is claimed. Creative Artists is also chargedwith such interference with McConaughey’s actor’s contract for the movie (another exhibit to the complaint); he is chargedwith breach of that contract. Among other things, he was required by that actor’s contract to allow use of “his name andphotographs … for commercial and advertising purposes”. The complaint uses that specific requirement in the actor’s contract in describing how, for the theatrical release (as defined inthe distribution agreement) mandated by the distribution agreement, TriStar had planned to distribute Chainsaw movieposters prominently featuring the likeness and name of McConaughey and, in fact, had printed posters reflecting this plan.Creative Artists, acting for McConaughey, contacted Columbia Tristar and successfully pressured it to retreat from its planfor the posters on the grounds that McConaughey’s fame should not be exploited in such a manner in connection with theChainsaw movie. This is but part of the charged interference. In addition, the complaint alleges that the theatrical release was delayed initially totake advantage of Zellweger’s post-movie success in another movie, also released by TriStar; that the plan changed to takeadvantage of both actors’ success; that Creative Artists, on behalf of McConaughey, “pressured” TriStar to not make amajor release of the movie and, instead, to make only a limited one, to Appellants’ great financial detriment; and that,because of Defendants’ actions, “TriStar failed to exercise its good faith judgment in promoting, exploiting, anddistributing” the movie. (Emphasis added.) As is obvious from the foregoing, and as the district court concluded, these allegations and claims are intertwined with, anddependent upon, the distribution agreement. In addition to Appellants relying on the terms of the agreement in asserting theirclaims, TriStar and Defendants are charged with interdependent and concerted misconduct. The distribution agreement, in describing the movie, lists Zellweger and two others as “starring” in it; McConaughey is not solisted. All rights to the movie are given to TriStar; and, subject to it making a required minimum expenditure in connectionwith the theatrical release, TriStar has “absolute discretion concerning the exploitation of the [movie] in any and all media”. (Emphasis added.) In that provision, which obviously lies at the heart of this action, Appellants agree[d] that the good faith judgment of [TriStar] regarding any matter affecting the exploitation of the [movie] shall be binding and conclusive upon [Appellants] ([TriStar] shall make the determination, within its sole discretion, whether or not to release the [movie] in a given media and/or in a given territory). (Emphasis added.) “Territory” includes, with some exceptions, “[t]he entire universe”, while “media” includes, but is notlimited to, movie theaters. And, as noted, the distribution agreement’s arbitration clause pertains, inter alia, to the “interpretation of [the distribution]agreement, … the performance by the Parties of their respective obligations [there]under, and … all other causes of action(whether sounding in contract or in tort) arising out of or relating to this Agreement”. (Emphasis added.) In short, the scope of the distribution, the “discretion”, both “absolute” and “sole”, vested in TriStar, and its “good faithjudgment” are at the center of this dispute. Among other things, TriStar is charged with, as a result of the claimed interference(“pressure”), not using its “good faith judgment”. Although not sued (an obvious attempt to make an end-run around thearbitration clause, as discussed infra), TriStar nevertheless will be involved extensively — and, no doubt, quite expensively –in this dispute, including whether it performed properly under the distribution agreement. As stated, the foregoing are but a few examples of the intertwining of the claims with the distribution agreement, including theclaimed concerted actions by Defendants (non-signatories), with TriStar, a signatory. How possible damages might becomputed, in the light of the detailed “accounting” provisions of the agreement, is but another example. This action is quite similar to Grigson’s first action — against TriStar, discussed below. After quickly instituting a voluntarydismissal of that action, when TriStar moved to compel arbitration, Appellants brought this one against McConaughey andCreative Artists, non-signatories to the distribution agreement, for, inter alia, interfering with that agreement. As noted, this isa quite obvious, if not blatant, attempt to bypass the agreement’s arbitration clause. In Grigson’s first action, against the two producers (who joined Grigson in this second action) and TriStar, Grigson chargedTriStar, as it is also alleged to have done in the action at hand, with “breach[ing] the ‘good faith judgment’ clause … of thedistribution agreement”. In the alternative, TriStar was charged with fraud. And, the producers, charged with failing to exploitthe movie in breach of their contract with the owners, cross-claimed against TriStar. One of the exhibits to the complaint is a7 January 1997 letter to TriStar from one of the persons owning rights to the movie, in which he stated that he and anothersimilarly-situated person (who had also directed the movie) were “very eager to know what [was] being done by [TriStar] tofully explore the financial possibilities of [the movie]“, and then advised: “It goes without saying that [TriStar] has absolutediscretion in making those determinations but this does not change my obligation to my investors to see that those decisionsare based on what is best for this film”. (Emphasis added.) When TriStar moved promptly to compel arbitration, the ownersand cross-claim producers quickly folded their tents. The action, filed in district court on 9 June 1997, was dismissed withoutprejudice on 10 September 1997. The action at hand was filed two and one-half months later, on 22 December 1997. This time, it was filed in state court.TriStar was no longer a defendant. Its earlier-charged failure to use its contractually required “good faith judgment” wasnow alleged to have been caused by “pressure” from the new defendants, Creative Artists and McConaughey. In reality, thetwo actions are the same. In essence, TriStar is a defendant. Each action turns on the meaning of the distributionagreement’s numerous — often intricate — provisions, which are unique to the film industry, and on TriStar’s conduct inrelation to that agreement. Arguably, the inconsistent positions by Grigson and the two producers in the first and second actions bump up on, if indeeddo not satisfy, the prerequisites for judicial estoppel. See In re Coastal Plains, 179 F.3d at 205-07 (purpose of doctrine isto prevent parties “playing fast and loose with the courts”). Judicial estoppel is not raised; but, because that doctrine protectsthe judicial system, id., we can apply it sua sponte in certain instances. See United States For Use of Am. Bank v. C.I.T.Constr. Inc., 944 F.2d 253, 258 (5th Cir. 1991). In any event, comparison of the two actions demonstrates, quite vividly, why the district court, which presided over bothactions, did not abuse its discretion in compelling arbitration in the second, by applying the equitable estoppel doctrinecrafted for such situations. The claims are intertwined with, and dependent upon, the distribution agreement, including, butnot limited to, Defendants (non-signatories) and TriStar (non-defendant signatory) being charged with interdependent andconcerted misconduct. Indeed, this action is the quintessential situation for when the doctrine should be applied. III. For the foregoing reasons, the judgment is AFFIRMED. DISSENTING OPINION DENNIS, Circuit Judge, dissenting: “[N]early anything can be called estoppel. When a lawyer or a judge does not know what other name to give for his decisionto decide a case in a certain way, he says there is an estoppel.”
[FOOTNOTE 1] The trouble with that kind of use of the estoppel label bythe majority in this case making circuit precedent is that it will seriously hinder this court in upholding the basic principle that aperson has a right to a court’s decision about the merits of a dispute unless he has agreed to submit it to arbitration. Becausethe majority decision conflicts with the Supreme Court’s recent emphatic affirmations of that principle, and the precedents ofthis circuit, I respectfully dissent. In First Options of Chicago, Inc. v. Kaplan, 514 U.S. 938 (1995), the Supreme Court reaffirmed important contractualarbitration principles: (1) Contract Governs Whether A Dispute Is Arbitrable Or Litigable: “[A]rbitration is simply a matter ofcontract between the parties; it is a way to resolve those disputes-but only those disputes-that the parties have agreed tosubmit to arbitration.”
[FOOTNOTE 2] “[A] party who has not agreed to arbitrate will normally have a right to a court’s decision about themerits of its dispute[.]“
[FOOTNOTE 3] (2) State-Law Contract Principles Govern Standing And Obligation To Arbitrate: “When decidingwhether the parties agreed to arbitrate a certain matter…courts generally…should apply ordinary state-law principles thatgovern the formation of contracts.”
[FOOTNOTE 4] (3) Parity Of Contractual Enforcement: “After all, the basic objective in this area is notto resolve disputes in the quickest manner possible, no matter what the parties’ wishes,
[FOOTNOTE 5] but to ensure that commercialarbitration agreements, like other contracts ‘”are enforced according to their terms,”‘
[FOOTNOTE 6] and according to the intentions of theparties[.]“
[FOOTNOTE 7] (4) Standard of Review: “[R]eview of…a district court decision confirming an arbitration award on the groundthat the parties agreed to submit their dispute to arbitration, should proceed like review of any other district court decisionfinding an agreement between parties, e.g., accepting findings of fact that are not ‘clearly erroneous’ but deciding questions oflaw de novo.”
[FOOTNOTE 8] (Internal citations placed in footnotes). Air Line Pilots Ass’n v. Miller, 523 U.S. 866 (1998), strongly confirmed these principles in holding that non-union pilotschallenging the agency fee collected by the union could not be required to arbitrate their challenges because they had notagreed to do so: “Ordinarily, ‘arbitration is a matter of contract and a party cannot be required to submit to arbitration anydispute which he has not agreed so to submit.’” Id. at 876 (citing Steelworkers v. Warrior & Gulf Nav. Co., 363 U.S. 574,582 (1960)); see also First Options, 514 U.S. at 942 (“a party who has not agreed to arbitrate will normally have a right toa court’s decision about the merits of its dispute”). As a general rule, an arbitration clause cannot be invoked by a non-party to the arbitration contract, and only parties to thearbitration agreement are bound to arbitrate. See 1 Gabriel M. Wilner, Domke Comm Arbitration � 10:00, at 1 (Rev. Ed.1993) (citing, inter alia, Dayhoff Inc. v. H.J. Heinz Co., 86 F.3d 1287 (3d Cir. 1996); Gingiss Int’l v. Bormet, 58 F.3d328 (7th Cir. 1995); United States v. Harkins Builders, Inc., 45 F.3d 830 (4th Cir. 1995)) [hereinafter Domke]. Thefederal policy favoring arbitration is strong, but it alone cannot authorize a non-party to invoke arbitration or require anon-signatory to arbitrate. See id. Nonetheless, a non-signatory may be bound by or acquire rights under an arbitrationagreement under ordinary state-law principles of agency or contract. Id.; First Options, 514 U.S. at 944. Courts have recognized a number of theories arising out of common law principles of contract and agency law under whichnon-signatories may be bound to the arbitration agreements of others. For example, 1) incorporation by reference; 2)assumption by conduct; 3) agency; 4) veil-piercing/alter ego; and 5) estoppel. See Thomson-CSF, S.A. v. AmericanArbitration Ass’n, 64 F.3d 773, 776-80 (2d Cir. 1995) (citing as examples Matter of Arbitration Between KeystoneShipping Co. & Texport Oil Co., 782 F.Supp. 28, 31 (S.D.N.Y. 1992)(incorporation by bill of lading); Gvozdenovic v.United Air Lines, Inc., 933 F.2d 1100, 1105 (2d Cir.)(assumption by conduct), cert. denied, 502 U.S. 910 (1991);Interbras Cayman Co. v. Orient Victory Shipping Co., S.A., 663 F.2d 4, 6-7 (2d Cir. 1981) (agency); Carte Blanche(Singapore) Pte., Ltd. v. Diners Club Int’l. Inc., 2 F.3d 24, 26 (2d Cir. 1993)(veil-piercing); Wm. Passalacqua Builders,Inc. v. Resnick Developers S., Inc., 933 F.2d 131, 138-39 (2d Cir. 1991)(same); Deloitte Noraudit A/S v. DeloitteHaskins & Sells, U.S., 9 F.3d 1060, 1064 (2d Cir. 1993)(non-signatory bound to arbitration contract by estoppel)). In theory, under ordinary state-law principles of equitable and promissory estoppel, a non-party to a contract containing anarbitration clause may invoke the clause and compel a signatory party to arbitrate when the signatory reasonably should haveexpected that, because of his statements or conduct, the non-signatory would be induced to rely justifiably on the contractand would be injured thereby if the signatory refused to recognize the non-signatory’s rights or entitlements with respect tothe contract.
[FOOTNOTE 9] However, there have been few, if any, cases in which a non-signatory has successfully invoked an arbitrationclause against a party signatory to the contract under ordinary equitable or promissory estoppel principles. In a relatively fewarbitration cases, a non-signatory to the arbitration agreement has been allowed to compel arbitration under a spuriousestoppel theory when the peculiar integrated or interlocking circumstances of the parties’ relationships, related contracts,contractually assigned responsibilities, conduct, and disputes would allow the inference that the signatory and non-signatoryparties have by an agreement implied in fact become bound reciprocally by the arbitration clause or the contract of which it isa part. See MS Dealer Service Corp. v. Franklin, 177 F.3d 942 (11th Cir. 1999); Sunkist Soft Drinks, Inc. v. SunkistGrowers, Inc., 10 F.3d 753 (11th Cir.), cert. denied, 513 U.S. 869 (1994); J.J. Ryan & Sons, Inc. v. Rhone PoulencTextile, S.A., 863 F.2d 315 (4th Cir. 1988); McBro Planning & Development Co. v. Triangle Elec. Const. Co., Inc.,741 F.2d 342 (11th Cir. 1984); Hughes Masonry Co., Inc. v. Greater Clark County School Bldg. Corp., 659 F.2d 836(7th Cir. 1981); cf. 1 Domke � 10:07, at 18-20. In truth, however, the bases of facts and reasoning upon which the courts in those cases ordered a signatory to an arbitrationagreement to arbitrate a dispute with a non-signatory have the earmarks of a foundation for an agreement implied in factrather than an ordinary equitable or promissory estoppel. In the courts’ opinions the non-signatory is said to have standing tocompel a signatory to arbitrate, rather than litigate, a justiciable claim against the non-signatory, if, in addition to othersignificant factors, there is a close relationship between signatory and non-signatory entities and the signatory’s claim againstthe non-signatory is intertwined with an arbitrable dispute under the contract. However, the facts in those cases which madethe relationships “close” and the claims “intertwined,” viz., the disputants’ voluntary and knowing formation of (andperformance under) interlocking or integrated contracts, their bargained for exchanges of promises and/or performancesbetween themselves and others, and, in Sunkist and J.J. Ryan, the parent-subsidiary corporate relationship, indicate theexistence of an implied in fact agreement rather than an ordinary equitable or promissory estoppel. “An agreement implied in fact is ‘founded upon a meeting of minds, which, although not embodied in an express contract, isinferred, as a fact, from conduct of the parties showing, in the light of the surrounding circumstances, their tacitunderstanding.’” Hercules, Inc. v. United States, 516 U.S. 417, 424 (1996)(quoting Baltimore & Ohio R. Co. v. UnitedStates, 261 U.S. 592, 597 (1923)).
[FOOTNOTE 10] The doctrine of equitable estoppel generally provides “that a representation of pastor existing fact made to a party who relies upon it reasonably may not thereafter be denied by the party making therepresentation if permitting the denial would result in injury or damage to the party who so relies.”
[FOOTNOTE 11] The widely acceptedgeneral statement of promissory estoppel, which developed against the backdrop of equitable estoppel, is set forth byRestatement (Second) Of Contracts � 90(1): “A promise which the promisor should reasonably expect to induce action orforbearance on the part of the promisee or a third person and which does induce such action or forbearance is binding ifinjustice can be avoided only by enforcement of the promise. The remedy granted for breach may be limited as justicerequires.” In determining whether a person is bound either by an agreement implied in fact or by the ordinary principles ofequitable or promissory estoppel, it should be kept in mind that “[j]ust as assent may be manifested by words or otherconduct, sometimes including silence, so intention to make a promise may be manifested in language or by implication fromother circumstances, including course of dealing or usage of trade or course of performance.”
[FOOTNOTE 12] A brief review of Hughes,McBro, Sunkist and MS Dealer shows ample evidence of assents and promises that may have more appropriatelywarranted basing those decisions on agreements implied in fact, or perhaps on ordinary promissory estoppel, rather thanupon the highly abstract new theory of an “estoppel” loosely based on “close” relationships, “intertwined” claims, and othervariable factors. The facts in McBro and Hughes were highly suggestive of an implied in fact agreement between the parties to be mutuallybound by the contract containing the arbitration clause.
[FOOTNOTE 13] In each case a construction contractor entered a contract with the owner of the proposed facility containing an arbitrationclause. The same contract designated a non-signatory party as construction manager and outlined the duties of the owner,construction contractor, construction manager, and, in one case, the architect, with respect to the construction project. Theconstruction managers in both cases had not signed the owner-contractor agreement but had signed separate contractscontaining similar arbitration clauses with either the owner or the owner’s architect. By performing duties and acceptingbenefits under the interlocking and integrated system of construction contracts and relationships the contractors impliedlyagreed to be bound to arbitrate disputes with the construction managers concerning the performance of the managers’ dutiesassigned by and performed under the owner-contractor agreement, although the managers had only signed the related butseparate contract documents between themselves and the owner or its architect. In Sunkist a non-signatory parent corporation was granted standing to arbitrate disputes arising out of the performance of acontract containing an arbitration clause between the parent’s wholly owned subsidiary and the other signatory to thecontract. The court relied not only on the close relationships of the entities and the close resemblance of the arbitrable andlitigable claims but also on a form of corporate veil piercing: “‘When the charges against a parent company and its subsidiaryare based on the same facts and are inherently inseparable, a court may refer claims against the parent to arbitration eventhough the parent is not formally a party to the arbitration.’” Sunkist, 10 F.3d at 757 (quoting J.J. Ryan, 863 F.2d at320-21). The Fourth Circuit in J.J. Ryan relied on the foregoing veil piercing language quoted from its opinion and merelynoted in passing that the same result had been reached under a theory of equitable estoppel in McBro. See J.J. Ryan, 863F.2d at 321. In MS Dealer, Sharon Franklin agreed to purchase a car from Jim Burke Motors and signed a buyer’s order with Burke.The buyer’s order incorporated by reference a retail installment contract between Franklin and Burke which provided thatFranklin was being charged $990.00 for a service contract under which MS Dealer Service Corporation (apparentlydesignated by name in the buyer’s order) agreed to provide services for Franklin’s car. (The court of appeal’s opinionsuggests that MS Dealer entered an oral or written contract with Burke or Franklin or both to provide services for Franklin’scar.) The buyer’s order contained an arbitration clause which provided that “all disputes and controversies of every kind andnature between buyer and Jim Burke Motors, Inc. arising out of or in connection with the purchase of this vehicle will beresolved by arbitration.” Also, in another passage, the buyer’s order stated that “[a]ll disputes and controversies of every kindand nature between the parties hereto arising out of or in connection with this contract” shall be submitted to arbitration. MSDealer did not sign the buyer’s order or the installment contract. Franklin sued Burke and MS Dealer in state court claiming that MS Dealer improperly conspired and colluded with Burkeand Chrysler Credit Corporation, the assignee of the retail installment contract, in a scheme to defraud her by imposing anexcessive charge of $990.00 for the service contract and dividing the excess amount. Burke filed a motion in state court tocompel Franklin to arbitrate, which was granted and resulted in an arbitration award in favor of Burke and a dismissal of thestate suit against Burke. MS Dealer sued Franklin in federal district court to compel her to arbitrate her claims against it. Thecourt of appeals reversed the district court’s dismissal of MS Dealer’s petition and granted the defendants’ motion to stay theaction and compel arbitration. The MS Dealer court, in concluding that Franklin was equitably estopped from avoidingarbitration with MS Dealer, stated: It is important to note that Franklin’s obligation to pay the $990.00 charge arose under the Buyers Order and that she specifically alleges that MS Dealer worked hand-in-hand with Jim Burke and Chrysler Credit Corporation in this alleged fraudulent scheme. Her ‘allegations of such pre-arranged, collusive behavior establish[] that [her] claims against [MS Dealer are] intimately founded in and intertwined with the obligations imposed by the [Buyers Order].’ MS Dealer, 177 F.3d at 948 (quoting Boyd v. Homes of Legend, Inc., 981 F.Supp. 1423, 1433 (M.D.Ala. 1997)). As in Hughes and McBro, the circumstances of interlocking and integrated contracts would allow the inference that bothFranklin and MS Dealer had agreed to arbitrate any dispute between them arising out of or connected with Franklin’spurchase of the automobile. Indeed, the ambiguous buyer’s order contract reasonably could be construed to include MSDealer as one of the “parties hereto.” Further, Franklin reasonably should have understood that MS Dealer agreed to providethe service contract in exchange for the compensation it was to receive under the buyer’s order and the retail installmentcontract and would call upon her to arbitrate any dispute related to the formation or performance of the service contract.Moreover, because Franklin’s allegations of Burke’s fraudulent overcharging for the service contract was clearly an arbitrabledispute arising out of and connected with the purchase of the vehicle, MS Dealer’s alleged conspiracy and collusion withBurke in the fraudulent overcharge was an essential part of the arbitrable dispute between Franklin and Burke. Nevertheless, the Eleventh Circuit chose to use the spurious estoppel theory or label and, in justifying its decision, attemptedto draw from the case some abstract “equitable estoppel” explanatory principles: First, equitable estoppel applies when the signatory to a written agreement containing an arbitration clause ‘must rely on the terms of the written agreement in asserting [its] claims’ against the non-signatory. Sunkist Soft Drinks, 10 F.3d at 757. When each of a signatory’s claims against a non-signatory ‘makes reference to’ or ‘presumes the existence of’ the written agreement, the signatory’s claims ‘arise[ ] out of and relate[ ] directly to the [written] agreement,’ and arbitration is appropriate. Id. at 758. Second, ‘application of equitable estoppel is warranted … when the signatory [to the contract containing the arbitration clause] raises allegations of … substantially interdependent and concerted misconduct by both the nonsignatory and one or more of the signatories to the contract.’ Boyd, 981 F.Supp. at 1433. MS Dealer, 177 F.3d at 947. The remainder of the MS Dealer opinion, however, in its painstaking analysis of the facts andreasoning based on all of the circumstances involved, indicates no intention that the foregoing principles should be applied asfree-standing rules of law. The Eleventh Circuit concluded that Franklin was compelled to arbitrate her dispute with MSDealer only after pointing out facts indicating that both parties had actually manifested their mutual assent to a bargain inwhich they exchanged promises of performances with each other and with Jim Burke Motors; that the buyer’s orderincorporating the arbitration clause and the retail installment contract, which incorporated the service contract with MSDealer, were all parts of the bargain of which Franklin, MS Dealer, and Burke were aware or should have been awarebefore they entered the agreement; and that, if MS Dealer was a co-conspirator with Burke in defrauding Franklin as shealleged, her claim against MS Dealer was part of her dispute with Burke, with whom she was a co-signatory of thearbitration agreement. See id. at 947-49. On the other hand, the Second Circuit, in Thomson-CSF, S.A. v. Am. Arbitration Ass’n, 64 F.3d 773 (2d Cir. 1995),refused to accept “[a]nything short of requiring a full showing of some accepted theory under agency or contract law” beforecompelling arbitration between a signatory and a non-signatory. Id. at 780. In Thomson, the court of appeals reversed thedistrict court’s order compelling a non-signatory parent corporation to arbitrate a dispute with a third party under anarbitration agreement signed by the parent’s subsidiary corporation prior to the parent’s acquisition of the subsidiary. Thedistrict court had determined that the claims of the third party, E & S, did not fall within any of the traditional theories forbinding a non-signatory, but nevertheless ordered Thomson, the non-signatory, to arbitrate a dispute with E & S, applying a”hybrid approach” based on Thomson’s conduct in voluntarily becoming an affiliate of its subsidiary, Rediffusion, on thedegree of control Thomson exercised over Rediffusion, and on the interrelatedness of the issues. In so doing, the SecondCircuit held, “the district court improperly extended the law of this Circuit and diluted the protections afforded nonsignatoriesby the ‘ordinary principles of contract and agency.’ A nonsignatory may not be bound to arbitrate except as dictated by someaccepted theory under agency or contract law.” Id. at 780 (quoting McAllister Bros., Inc. v. A & S Transp. Co., 621 F.2d519, 524 (2d Cir. 1980))(internal citation omitted). The Thomson court addressed a situation in which a signatory seeks to compel a non-signatory, the inverse of the pattern inMS Dealer, Sunkist, J.J. Ryan, McBro and Hughes. Nonetheless, Thomson lends support to the conclusion that theHughes-McBro line of cases lacked a valid basis in the ordinary principles of estoppel or veil-piercing for compelling thesignatories to arbitrate with the non-signatories. Instead, as Thomson implicitly suggests, in MS Dealer, McBro and Hughes,the only valid basis for compelling the signatories to arbitrate with the non-signatories was that their knowing participation inthe reticulated transactional arrangements, and their performance and conduct thereunder, allowed the inference that theyagreed to be mutually bound by the contract including the arbitration clause. After taking Sunkist, J.J. Ryan, and McBro intoaccount, the Second Circuit in Thomson distinguished them as inapposite to the case before it on several grounds, including:(1) when Thomson acquired Rediffusion as its subsidiary, Thomson explicitly disavowed any obligations under the workingagreement, including the arbitration clause, between Rediffusion and E & S, see Thomson, 64 F.3d at 777; (2) “[v]eilpiercing determinations are fact specific and ‘differ[] with the circumstances of each case.’”, Id. at 777-78 (quoting AmericanProtein Corp. v. AB Volvo, 844 F.2d 56, 60 (2d Cir.), cert. denied, 488 U.S. 852 (1988)); “E & S has not demonstratedthat Thomson exerted the degree of control over Rediffusion necessary to justify piercing the corporate veil.”, Id. at 778; (3)”Thomson…cannot be estopped from denying the existence of an arbitration clause to which it is a signatory because no suchclause exists. At no point did Thomson indicate a willingness to arbitrate with E & S.” Id. at 779; (4) “[t]he districtcourt…improperly extended the limited theories upon which this Court is willing to enforce an arbitration agreement against anon-signatory. The district court’s hybrid approach dilutes the safeguards afforded to a non-signatory by the ‘ordinaryprinciples of contract and agency’ and fails to adequately protect parent companies, the subsidiaries of which have enteredinto arbitration agreements.” Id. at 780. The Second Circuit’s adherence to “ordinary principles of contract and agency” in Thomson was consistent with theSupreme Court’s admonition and example it set in First Options as to the application of ordinary state law principles ofcontracts to determine whether the parties agreed to arbitrate a certain matter. As mentioned above, the Court in FirstOptions instructed: When deciding whether the parties agreed to arbitrate a certain matter (including arbitrability), courts generally (though with a qualification we discuss below) should apply ordinary state-law principles that govern the formation of contracts….The relevant state law here, for example, would require the court to see whether the parties objectively revealed an intent to submit the arbitrability issue to arbitration. [citing an Illinois case for the law of the state whose law governed the workout agreement and a Pennsylvania case for the law of the state where the Kaplans objected to arbitrability] First Options, 514 U.S. at 944 (internal citations omitted). The plaintiffs brought the present suit against Creative Artists andMcConaughey in a Texas state court asserting a Texas state tort claim for interference with contract. Thus, the ordinary statelaw principles of Texas governing the formation of contracts should be applied to determine whether the plaintiffs agreed toarbitrate this matter with the defendants. The trial court acknowledged that neither of the defendants were signatories to thecontract between the plaintiffs and Columbia TriStar. The trial court did not find that the plaintiffs and defendants had enteredan agreement, express or implied in fact, to arbitrate the tortious interference with contract claim. Instead, the trial courtdetermined that the plaintiffs were bound by equitable estoppel to arbitrate the matter with the defendants. On appeal thedefendants also rely solely on equitable estoppel. All American jurisdictions adopt and apply a theory of promissory estoppel grounded in section 90 of the contractsrestatements. 3 Eric Mills Holmes, Corbin on Contracts, � 8.12, at 58 (Joseph M. Perillo ed., rev. ed. 1997) [hereinafterCorbin]. This theory is an outgrowth of and includes the earlier doctrine of equitable estoppel. See 1 E. Allan Farnsworth,Farnsworth on Contracts � 2.19, at 137-40 (1990 and Supp. 1998); 3 Corbin � 8.11, at 46. Recent Texas decisions citeand apply the second Restatement � 90. See 3 Corbin � 8.12, at 188 (citing City of Beaumont v. Excavators &Contractors, Inc., 870 S.W.2d 123, 136, 154 (Tex.App. 1993, writ denied) (citing Restatement (Second) of Contracts �90); Traco, Inc. v. Arrow Glass Co., Inc., 814 S.W.2d 186, 190 (Tex.App. 1991, writ denied); First State Bank inArcher City v. Schwartz Co., 687 S.W.2d 453 (Tex.App.1985, writ ref’d n.r.e.)). The current three-prong Texaspromissory estoppel requisites, however, were fashioned from the first Restatement in the 1960s: (1) a promise, (2)foreseeability of reliance by the promisor, and (3) substantial reliance by the promisee to its detriment. Id. (citing, e.g.,English v. Fischer, 660 S.W.2d 521, 524 (Tex. 1983); Randle v. NCNB Texas Nat’l Bank, 812 S.W.2d 381 (Tex.App.1991); Aubrey v. W.O. Workman, 384 S.W.2d 389, 395 (Tex.Civ.App. 1964, writ ref’d n.r.e.)). Later decisions added:(4) reliance on the promise must be reasonable, and (5) the promise will be enforced if necessary to avoid injustice. Id.(citing Texas cases). Applying the Texas state-law principles governing the formation of contracts and promissory estoppel, it is evident that theplaintiffs should not be compelled to arbitrate their tortious interference with contract claim with Creative Artists andMcConaughey. There was no agreement between these parties, express or implied, to arbitrate that dispute. None of therequisites of section 90 of the Restatement (Second) Of Contracts or of the Texas three-prong promissory estoppel havebeen established. There is no evidence that the plaintiffs promised the defendants anything, that they could foresee anyreliance by the defendants, or that the defendants relied on a promise by the plaintiffs to defendants’ detriment.
[FOOTNOTE 14] For all of these reasons, I believe that the majority has fallen into a number of serious, harmful legal errors in the present case.The amorphous, misnamed estoppel theories of MS Dealer, Sunkist, McBro, and Hughes conflict with and endanger thebasic principles that the Supreme Court has held must be adhered to in compelling a person to submit to commercialarbitration, viz., (1) a person cannot be required to submit to arbitration any dispute which he has not agreed so to submit,(2) a person who has not agreed to arbitrate will normally have a right to a court’s decision about the merits of its dispute,and (3) ordinary state-law principles governing the formation of contracts should be applied when deciding whether theparties agreed to arbitrate a certain matter. This court is not bound by the court of appeals’ decisions in the Hughes-McBroline of cases and should not attempt to follow them. However, the majority erroneously attempts to follow MS Dealer and compounds its error by mistaking MS Dealer’s highlyabstract explanatory “equitable estoppel” principles for the Eleventh Circuit’s complete ratio decidendi. Consequently, themajority overlooks the significance of the material facts upon which the MS Dealer decision is actually based. In contrastwith the present uncomplicated case, MS Dealer involved an integrated network of interlocking agreements anchored in abuyer’s order containing an arbitration agreement. The signatories of the buyer’s order, Franklin and Jim Burke Motors, andthe non-signatory of those two documents, MS Dealer, struck a bargain in which each person agreed to exchange promisesof performance with the others. See Restatement (Second) of Contracts � 17. Each of the three parties manifested mutualassent to the bargain or exchanges of promises by intentional conduct from which he or she knew or had reason to know theother parties would infer such assent. See Restatement (Second) of Contracts �� 18, 19. Each of the parties, includingFranklin in particular, knew or had reason to know that the buyer’s order contained an arbitration agreement andincorporated by reference the retail installment contract and the vehicular service contract. Thus, the rationale of MS Dealercan be viewed as limited by its material facts and even as an enforcement of an agreement implied in fact. Consequently, ifMS Dealer merely enforces an agreement implied in fact, it does no violence to the principles that a party cannot be forcedto submit to arbitration a dispute that he has not agreed to so submit according to the application of ordinary state-lawprinciples that govern the formation of contracts. The majority, on the other hand, by disregarding the important material factsunderlying MS Dealer, and by adopting and applying only that decision’s skeletal explanatory theory, unleashes anindeterminate precedent capable in its application of sweeping countless parties’ disputes into arbitration without even asemblance of their agreement under ordinary state-law principles of contracts, agency or equitable estoppel. The majority also misstates the applicable standard of review, although the error may not have had any effect upon itsdecision. In First Options, the Supreme Court held that the standard a court of appeals should apply when reviewing adistrict court decision that refuses to vacate or confirms an arbitration award should proceed by accepting findings of fact thatare not clearly erroneous but deciding questions of law de novo. See First Options, 514 U.S. at 948. “We believe…that themajority of Circuits is right in saying that courts of appeals should apply ordinary, not special, standards when reviewingdistrict court decisions upholding arbitration awards. For one thing, it is undesirable to make the law more complicated byproliferating review standards without good reasons.” Id. This court followed First Options in General Motors Corp. v.Pamela Equities Corp., 146 F.3d 242, 246 (5th Cir. 1998) and F.C. Schaffer & Assocs., Inc. v. Demech Contractors,Ltd., 101 F.3d 40, 43 (5th Cir. 1996). Accordingly, the standard of review should be the same in this case in which we arereviewing a district court’s decision that compels parties either to submit a dispute to arbitration (that they contend they havenot agreed to so submit) or to abandon their right to a court’s decision about the merits of the dispute. Previous decisions ofthis circuit and others have said that we review the grant or denial of a motion to compel arbitration de novo. See Webb v.Investacorp, Inc., 89 F.3d 252, 257 (5th Cir. 1996); Snap-On Tools Corp. v. Mason, 18 F.3d 1261, 1264 (5th Cir.1994); Armijo v. Prudential Ins. Co. of Am., 72 F.3d 793, 796 (10th Cir. 1995); Kidd v. Equitable Life AssuranceSoc’y of the United States, 32 F.3d 516, 518 (11th Cir. 1994); Sunkist, 10 F.3d at 756; Britton v. Co-op BankingGroup, 4 F.3d 742, 744 (9th Cir. 1993); Trap Rock Indus., Inc. v. Local 825, Int’l Union of Operating Engineers,AFL-CIO, 982 F.2d 884, 887 (3d Cir. 1992); MidAmerica Federal Sav. and Loan Ass’n v. Shearson/AmericanExpress, Inc., 886 F.2d 1249, 1259 (10th Cir. 1989). Paradoxically, the majority opinion states that we review todetermine only whether the district court has abused its discretion in applying equitable estoppel, but that an application oflaw that is erroneous, or an assessment of the evidence that is clearly erroneous, constitutes an abuse of discretion. Thesecontradictory statements of the standard can only lead to confusion. In my opinion, abuse of discretion does not belong in ourstandard for reviewing whether the ordinary state-law requisites of promissory or equitable estoppel have been met, but thedistrict court may well have discretion in limiting the remedy as justice requires. See Restatement (Second) of Contracts �90(1). :::FOOTNOTES:::
FN1 Statement of Samuel Williston, 4 ALI Proceedings 61, 89-90 (1926) (quoted by 4 Richard A. Lord, Williston onContracts � 8.5, at 73 (4th ed. 1992)) [hereinafter Williston].
FN2 First Options, 514 U.S. at 943 (citing AT&T Technologies, Inc. v. Communications Workers, 475 U.S. 643, 649(1986); Mastrobuono v. Shearson Lehman Hutton, Inc., 514 U.S. 52, 57-58 and n.9 (1995); Allied-Bruce TerminixCos. v. Dobson, 513 U.S. 265, 271 (1995); Mitsubishi Motors Corp. v. Soler Chrysler-Plymouth, Inc., 473 U.S. 614 ,625-26 (1985)).
FN3 Id. at 942.
FN4 Id. at 944 (citing Mastrobuono, 514 U.S. at 62-63 & n.9; Volt Information Sciences, Inc. v. Board of Trustees ofLeland Stanford Junior Univ., 489 U.S. 468, 475-76 (1989); Perry v. Thomas, 482 U.S. 483, 492-93 n.9 (1987); 1Gabriel M. Wilner, Domke Comm Arbitration � 4:04, at 15 (Rev. Ed. 1993)) [hereinafter Domke].
FN5 Id. at 947 (citing Dean Witter Reynolds, Inc. v. Byrd, 470 U.S. 213, 219-20 (1985)).
FN6 Id. (citing Mastrobuono, 513 U.S. at 54 (quoting Volt Information Sciences, 489 U.S. at 479)).
FN7 Id. (citing Mitsubishi Motors, 473 U.S. at 626; Allied-Bruce, 513 U.S. at 271).
FN8 First Options, 514 U.S. at 947-48 (citing Kaplan v. First Options of Chicago, Inc., 19 F.3d 1503, 1509 (3d Cir.1994)).
FN9 See, e.g., Williston, supra note 1, �� 8.3 and 8.4; Restatement (Second) Of Contracts � 90(1) (“A promise which thepromisor should reasonably expect to induce action or forbearance on the part of the promisee or a third person and whichdoes induce such action or forbearance is binding if injustice can be avoided only by enforcement of the promise. Theremedy granted for breach may be limited as justice requires.”); cf. 1 Domke � 10.07, at 18.
FN10 See 1 Williston � 1.5, at 18-20 (citing, inter alia, Wood v. Ingram, 275 S.W. 397 (Tex.Civ.App. 1925)(writ dismw.o.j.)), and stating: “The Restatement (Second)[Of Contracts �� 4 & comment a; 91 & comment a]….indicates that apromise may be stated in words or may be inferred wholly or partly from conduct….a contract by conduct is, in essence, animplied in fact contract….the Restatement, as well as the numerous cases, make the concept abundantly clear.” Id. at 24-25;see also 4 Williston �� 8.3 and 8.4.
FN11 4 Williston � 8.3, at 28-30 (citing, inter alia, Morton v. Samuels, 268 S.W.2d 490 (Tex.Civ.App. 1954, writ ref’dn.r.e.)).
FN12 Restatement (Second) Of Contracts � 4,comment a.
FN13 See II Ian R. Macneil et al., Federal Arbitration Law, � 18.2.3 (Supp. 1999) (analyzing the Eleventh Circuit cases ofMcBro Planning & Development Co. v. Triangle Elec. Const. Co., Inc., 741 F.2d 342 (11th Cir. 1984) andacknowledging the opinion’s heavy reliance on Hughes Masonry Co. v. Greater Clark County Sch. Bldg. Corp., 659F.2d 836 (7th Cir. 1981), the editors conclude: “It should be noted that the action estopping Triangle was apparently itscontracting with Hospital in the first place and performing under that contract. Thus the court could just as well have put theresult in terms of consent. That is to say, Hospital and McBro could have reasonably understood from Triangle’s contractingwith the hospital with knowledge of the terms of the Hospital-McBro contract that Triangle was consenting to be bound bythe arbitration clause. The decision is probably most useful in simply broadening out conceptions of consent, rather than inintroducing any truly separate doctrine.”).
FN14 The district court apparently relied on Sunkist, McBro and two Texas decisions, Carlin v. 3V Inc., 928 S.W.2d 291(Tex.App.–Houston [14th Dist.] 1996, no writ) and Fridl v. Cook, 908 S.W.2d 507(Tex.App.-El Paso 1995, writ dism’dw.o.j.). These decisions are not relevant to the present case. Sunkist and McBro are inapposite for the reasons statedearlier. Carlin is inapt because its essential holding was simply that an assignee of an assignor’s rights and duties under acontract assumes and is bound by the arbitration clause in the contract when the assignee asserts a breach of contract claimunder the contract against the other signatory party to the contract. Fridl is irrelevant because its main holding was simplythat a breach of contract claim based on a contract containing an arbitration clause is subject to arbitration.
Grigson, et al. v. Creative Artists Agency, et al. UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT No. 98-51016 CHARLES O. GRIGSON, as Trustee for “The Texas Chainsaw Massacre”; RIVER CITY FILMS, INC.; ULTRAMUCHOS, INC., Plaintiffs-Appellants, versus CREATIVE ARTISTS AGENCY, L.L.C.; MATTHEW DAVID McCONAUGHEY, Defendants-Appellees. Appeal from the United States District Court for the Western District of Texas April 24, 2000 Before DUH�, BARKSDALE, and DENNIS, Circuit Judges.
