In the U.S. Commodity Futures Trading Commission's first anti-fraud enforcement action involving bitcoin, a federal judge in New York has ordered bitcoin-denominated hedge fund CEO Nicholas Gelfman and his company, Gelfman Blueprint Inc. (GBI), to pay over $2.5 million in fines and restitution for operating a Ponzi scheme in which he claimed he could yield high returns, the CFTC announced Thursday.

U.S. District Judge P. Kevin Castel of the Southern District of New York ordered GBI to pay $554,734.48 in restitution and $1.8 million in civil penalties. Castel ordered Gelfman himself to pay $492,064.53 in restitution and $177,501 in civil penalties.

In addition to restitution and penalties, Castel imposed an injunction on Gelfman that permanently bars him from trading. The order also states that Gelfman will “cooperate fully and expeditiously” with the CFTC and its division of enforcement in “this action, and in any current or future commission investigation or action related thereto.”

Gelfman, who represented himself in the matter, said he was unable to comment.

The CFTC noted in the news release that victims may not see their money back “because the wrongdoers may not have sufficient funds or assets.”

“This case marks yet another victory for the commission in the virtual currency enforcement arena. As this string of cases shows, the CFTC is determined to identify bad actors in these virtual currency markets and hold them accountable. I'm grateful to the members of enforcement's Virtual Currency Task Force for their tireless work on these matters,” the CFTC's director of enforcement James McDonald said in the press release.

In September 2017, the CFTC filed suit against Gelfman and his company claiming they operated a Ponzi scheme by soliciting approximately $600,000 from 80 customers from about 2014 through about January 2016. The customers' funds were to be placed in a pooled commodity fund, which “purportedly employed a high-frequency, algorithmic trading strategy executed by defendants' computer trading program called 'Jigsaw.'” But the payouts to customers were actually made using the funds from other customers. The order further states that Gelfman staged a cyberattack of his company, which was supposed to have caused a loss of all customer funds.