David Foster is a director in the competition practice at Frontier Economics, an economics consultancy that works with, among other businesses, some of the biggest law firms in the U.K.


The long arm of competition law now reaches further into Europe's digital economy. As of December 2022, the European Commission designated six big tech gatekeepers, regulating them across a total of 22 different services, covering everything from advertising to apps, from social media to search.

Yet Margrethe Vestager, the architect of the Digital Markets Act (DMA), has already moved on to her next challenge: taking a leave of absence to campaign for control of the European Investment Bank.