A federal judge late Monday trimmed claims against AI-powered image creators accused of ripping off artists’ work, but said the artists’ direct copyright infringement theories should be put to the test on summary judgment.

His ruling is the latest turn in a high-profile class action brought by a slew of cartoonists, painters and illustrators who say AI startups Stability AI, Midjourney, Runway AI and DeviantArt used their art to train machine learning models Stable Diffusion and AI image generators Dream Up and AI Magic Tools without paying the artists or getting their consent.