Led Zeppelin and its music labels were the winner of a copyright decision over the rock standard "Stairway to Heaven."

The estate of a songwriter claiming the rock super group copied his work got the short end, but the estate wasn't the only one.

Among the collateral damage from Monday's en banc ruling from the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit was a 2002 precedent written by former Chief Judge Alex Kozinski endorsing a so-called inverse-ratio rule. And its a precedent Kozinski relied on in his first case back at the court as a private advocate.

M. Margaret McKeown's opinion for a 9-2 en banc court in Skidmore v. Led Zeppelin overruled the court's inverse-ratio rule. She noted that only one other circuit follows the 43-year-old rule while four others have rejected it. The rule says that the more access an alleged infringer has to a copyrighted work, the less proof is needed of substantial similarity by an allegedly infringing work.

In Skidmore, the trustee of the estate of songwriter Randy Wolfe argued that Led Zeppelin and his band Spirit performed at the same music shows in the 1960s and '70s, and that Led Zeppelin guitarist Jimmy Page admitted owning a Spirit album containing the song "Taurus," which the estate says Led Zeppelin copied. The trustee's attorney, Francis Malofiy, argued on appeal that Page's access to the song lowered the standard of proof, and that U.S. District Judge R. Gary Klausner should have instructed the jury on the inverse-ratio rule.

McKeown said in Monday's opinion the absence of the instruction didn't matter, because the Ninth Circuit is doing away with the inverse-ratio rule. Confusion about when and how to apply the rule, criticism from other circuits, and the reality that services such as Google, YouTube and Netflix have made so much artistic work accessible have rendered the inverse-ratio rule unworkable, McKeown wrote.

"Although we are cautious in overruling precedent—as we should be—the constellation of problems and inconsistencies in the application of the inverse ratio rule prompts us to abrogate the rule," McKeown wrote. "Access does not obviate the requirement that the plaintiff must demonstrate that the defendant actually copied the work."

The Recording Industry Association of America and a group of law professors led by Stanford's Mark Lemley were among the amici curiae asking the court to throw out the rule. "Even the strongest evidence of access would not make up for an inadequate degree of similarity," UCLA law professor Eugene Volokh wrote for the RIAA.

Kozinski resigned from the court in December 2017 after a string of female law clerks accused him of harassment. He didn't invent the inverse-ratio rule while at the Ninth Circuit, but his decision in Metcalf v. Bocho was explicitly called out by McKeown as pushing "past the rule's outer limits."

Metcalf involved accusations against Hollywood producer Steven Bochco that he copied the idea for his "City of Angels" television series from two independent writers after they provided him a similar screenplay. Kozinski wrote that because Bochco had access to the screenplay, for purposes of summary judgment, the court could "easily infer that the many similarities between plaintiffs' scripts and defendants' works were the result of copying, not mere coincidence."

Kozinski himself has been invoking Metcalf and the inverse-ratio rule in his return to the court as an advocate last fall. Kozinski argues that U.S. District Judge Percy Anderson "sidestepped" the inverse-ratio rule in ruling on the pleadings that move "The Shape of Water" was not similar to his client's play, "Let Me Hear You Whisper."

"This Court's 'inverse-ratio' rule required the district court to exercise special caution in deciding substantial similarity on a 12(b)(6) motion," Kozinski wrote in briefs to the court.

McKeown said in Monday's opinion that Metcalf in particular has led to confusion about the inverse-ratio rule. Her opinion was joined in full by Chief Judge Sidney Thomas and Judges William Fletcher, Johnnie Rawlinson, Mary Murguia and Jacqueline Nguyen. Judges Paul Watford, Andrew Hurwitz and Bridget Bade joined all of the opinion except for portions having to do with instructions on the selection and arrangement of unprotected musical elements.

Judges Sandra Ikuta and Carlos Bea dissented, on the ground that Klausner should have instructed on selection and arrangement. "Without plaintiff's requested instruction, the jury was deprived of the opportunity to consider the plaintiff's central theory of the case," Ikuta wrote.

Monday's ruling also held that for works copyrighted before 1972, copyright is defined only by sheet music. It wasn't until that year that sound recordings became copyrightable, and not until 1978 that composers could submit sound recordings to the Copyright Office as evidence of the composition.

Plaintiffs lawyer Malofiy had tried repeatedly to play "Taurus" for the jury, arguing it was the best evidence of the song Wolfe had composed. Klausner had refused.

Malofiy has argued that restricting protection to the deposit copy disadvantages the many musicians who do not read music. But, McKeown wrote, that apparently wasn't an issue for Wolfe because "Taurus" had been transcribed for deposit at the Copyright Office. "Digital transcription and other technological advances undercut this argument, not to mention that for decades now, sound recordings have been accepted as the deposit copy," McKeown added.

Davis Wright Tremaine partner Peter Anderson had the winning argument for Led Zeppelin, Warner/Chappell Music and other labels.

Read the opinion: