The FBI agents who arrived at Bernard Madoff’s luxury penthouse apartment on the morning of Dec. 11, 2008, found a broken man in a bathrobe who knew his time was up.

The one-time titan of finance confessed he had “paid investors with money that wasn’t there.” A year after Madoff’s scheme collapsed – with headlines of $50 billion in losses – investigators and investors are still struggling to measure the full scope and impact of the largest securities fraud in history.