After a jury trial, Carl Smith was convicted of kidnapping, cruelty to children and two counts of aggravated assault. Smith filed a timely motion for new trial, challenging the sufficiency of the evidence supporting the kidnapping conviction. The trial court granted the motion, finding that the kidnapping conviction must be set aside because there was insufficient evidence to prove the asportation element of kidnapping or that Smith acted without lawful authority. The state appeals, and we reverse. On appeal, we construe the evidence most favorably to support the verdict, and Smith no longer enjoys a presumption of innocence.1 We do not weigh the evidence or determine the credibility of witnesses, but determine only if there is sufficient evidence from which a rational trier of fact could have found Smith guilty of kidnapping beyond a reasonable doubt.2
So construed, the evidence shows that Smith and Danielle Wooley had three children. Wooley and the children live with Wooley’s mother, Georgia Seeley. On June 15, 2007, Smith forced his way into Seeley’s home and said that everyone there was going to die. He stabbed Wooley with a knife and slashed Seeley’s throat. The women were able to escape from the house with one of the children. The police were called, arrived at the scene and removed another one of the children from the house, leaving only three-year-old D. W. in the house with Smith. Subsequently, when two officers entered the house, Smith grabbed D. W., held a knife to her throat and shouted profanities at the police, urging them to shoot him. Using the screaming and crying child as a shield and still holding the knife to her throat, Smith backed down a hallway and into a bedroom, barricading himself and the girl in the room. He held D. W. hostage for six hours, threatening to kill her. Officers were eventually able to force their way into the bedroom, rescue the child, and arrest Smith. “A person commits the offense of kidnapping when such person abducts or steal away any person without lawful authority or warrant and holds such other person against his will.” Cit. For the State to prove the essential element that the defendant has “stolen away” or “abducted” his alleged victim, it must show that an unlawful movement or asportation, of the person has taken place against his will. Cit.3 In Garza v. State ,4 the Georgia Supreme Court adopted a four-factor test for determining the sufficiency of the evidence of asportation: 1 the duration of the movement; 2 whether the movement occurred during commission of a separate offense; 3 whether the movement was an inherent part of the separate offense; and 4 whether the movement itself presented a significant danger to the victim independent of the danger posed by the separate offense.5 “Because Smith’s motion for a new trial was pending and was thus in the ‘pipeline’ when the Garza decision was issued, the Garza test shall be applied to determine whether the asportation element was met in this case. Cit.”6
