George Marra and Jay Woolsey, property owners on Black Island, Georgia “the owners”, brought an action pursuant to Black Island’s restrictive covenants to enjoin the Black Island Homeowners Association, Inc. “the Association” from mowing the undeveloped areas of Black Island.1 The Superior Court of McIntosh County permanently enjoined the Association from mowing the undeveloped areas. The Association appeals, arguing that the trial court erred 1 in determining that mowing the undeveloped areas violated the covenants; and 2 in failing to grant a jury trial. We disagree, and affirm. The original developers of Black Island recorded restrictive covenants, which apply to the entire island. The island includes both residential lots owned by individuals and undeveloped areas, which are owned by the Association. Article IX of the covenants, captioned “UNDEVELOPED AREAS,” provides that the Black Island Association hereby covenants that it has set aside certain areas on Black Island which shall remain pristine and undeveloped . . . . The word “undeveloped” as used throughout this Declaration shall be taken to mean that any area so designated shall remain totally in its native state, with the exception of the establishment within said undeveloped areas of hiking, bridle and bicycle trails . . . . no use of said undeveloped areas shall affect the preservation of said undeveloped areas in their natural state. Article V of the covenants, which governs nuisances, provides that the Association reserves the right to remove “tall grass, undergrowth, weeds, deadfall and rubbish” from vacant residential lots, but only extends “the right . . . to remove deadfall and rubbish” to the undeveloped areas of Black Island. Nonetheless, the undeveloped areas have been periodically mowed by the Association to cut the grass and underbrush to six or eight inches. . The owners sought to enjoin the mowing as violative of Article IX of the covenants. The trial court agreed and issued a permanent injunction, prohibiting “mowing or altering undeveloped areas, except as provided in the restrictive covenants.”
1. The Association argues that the trial court erred in finding that mowing violated the covenants, because it looked only to the language of the covenants and did not consider extrinsic evidence of the parties’ intentions, including the fact that the undeveloped areas had always been mowed. Interpretation of a contract, such as the one containing the restrictive covenants, is a three step process:2 initially, construction is a matter of law for the court. First, the trial court must decide whether the language is clear and unambiguous. If so, the court simply enforces the contract according to its clear terms; the contract alone is looked to for its meaning. Next, if the contract is ambiguous in some respect, the court must apply the rules of contract construction to resolve the ambiguity. Finally, if the ambiguity remains after applying the rules of construction, the issue of what the ambiguous language means and what the parties intended must be resolved by a jury or other factfinder.3 The trial court determined as a matter of law that the language of the restrictive covenants was clear and unambiguous, and would be enforced accordingly. We apply an abuse of discretion standard in reviewing a trial court’s grant of a permanent injunction, “unless the question decided by the trial court is one of law.”4 Where the issue decided is one of law, not fact, then the plain legal error standard of review applies.5
