This appeal involves certified questions from the United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit.1 In 1996 Garden City entered into a series of agreements with CSX Transportation Inc. and its affiliates to utilize a railroad right-of-way to install water and sewer lines. The agreements required Garden City to indemnify and hold harmless CSX or its subsidiaries for all liabilities CSX suffered in connection with the project and for which CSX was not the sole cause. The agreements also required Garden City to maintain insurance covering the indemnity obligations the City had assumed. In October 1997 a passenger train collided with a tractor trailer operated by Garden City’s subcontractor causing CSX to incur substantial property damage and subjecting CSX to third-party claims. CSX sought indemnification from Garden City in accordance with the agreements. Garden City refused and CSX brought suit alleging that it was entitled to indemnification. The district court granted summary judgment to the City, finding that the indemnification provision constituted an impermissible waiver of the City’s sovereign immunity in the absence of any evidence that the City had liability insurance to cover the indemnity claim. The Eleventh Circuit reversed and remanded to the trial court for its consideration of the effect of the City’s participation in the Georgia Interlocal Risk Management Agency GIRMA, a multi-government insurance fund. On remand, the district court again granted summary judgment to the City, finding that the indemnification agreements were ultra vires and that OCGA § 36-33-1 a did not authorize the City to waive its immunity by entering into an indemnity contract. On appeal, the Eleventh Circuit certified to this Court the following questions: 1 May a Georgia municipality contractually indemnify a private party for any and all loss, damage, and liability arising in connection with a public works project involving the private party’s land 2 if not, is there any loss, damage, or liability arising in connection with a public works project involving a private party’s land for which a Georgia municipality may contractually indemnify the private party For the reasons that follow, we answer in the negative.
1. It is the general rule in Georgia that municipalities cannot exercise powers except those granted to them by the State and can be held liable upon contracts only when the State has authorized the incurring of the liability that is asserted against them. Kemp v. City of Claxton , 269 Ga. 173, 176 1 496 SE2d 712 1998 “municipal corporations are creations of the state, possessing only those powers that have been granted to them, and allocations of power from the state are strictly construed. Cit.”; Screws v. City of Atlanta , 189 Ga. 839, 843 2 8 SE2d 16 1940 “what can not be done by an ordinance can not be done by a contract”. See OCGA § 36-34-1 “it is declared to be the intention of the General Assembly to vest certain general powers in the governing body of each of the municipal corporations of this state”. Thus, the principle issue before us is whether Garden City was authorized to enter into an indemnification agreement with a private third party, thereby waiving its sovereign immunity. The answer is controlled by specific legislative provisions authorizing the waiver of sovereign immunity. This Court has long recognized that sovereign immunity applies to all actions where the State or its departments or agencies is a party, see e.g., Gilbert v. Richardson , 264 Ga. 744 3 452 SE2d 476 1994, see also Youngblood v. Gwinnett Rockdale Newton Cmty Serv. Bd. , 273 Ga. 715 2 545 SE2d 875 2001, and only the legislature has the authority to enact a law that specifically waives a municipality’s sovereign immunity.2 Hiers v. City of Barwick , 262 Ga. 129 2 414 SE2d 647 1992. In the context of tort liability, the legislature has authorized a narrow waiver of a municipality’s sovereign immunity through the enactment of OCGA § 36-33-1 a, which provides in part that: Pursuant to Article IX, Section II, Paragraph IX of the Constitution of the State of Georgia, the General Assembly, except as provided in this Code section, declares it is the public policy of the State of Georgia that there is no waiver of the sovereign immunity of municipal corporations of the state and such municipal corporations shall be immune from liability for damages. A municipal corporation shall not waive its immunity by the purchase of liability insurance, except as provided in Code Section 33-24-51,3 or unless the policy of insurance issued covers an occurrence for which the defense of sovereign immunity is available, and then only to the extent of the limits of such insurance policy.4 Thus, as we have previously stated, any “waiver of sovereign immunity is a mere privilege, not a right, and the extension of that privilege is solely a matter of legislative grace. Cit.” Woodard v. Laurens County , 265 Ga. 404, 406 1 456 SE2d 581 1995.
