Gobeil, Judge.In 2010, Jeff Bickerstaff, Jr.,[1] a customer of SunTrust Bank (“SunTrust”), filed a complaint against SunTrust on behalf of himself and all others similarly situated asserting that SunTrust’s overdraft fees constitute unlawful interest charges and raising claims for violation of Georgia’s civil and criminal usury laws (OCGA §§ 7_4_2 and 7-4-18, respectively), money had and received, and conversion. This is the third appearance of this case before this Court. In the instant appeal, SunTrust challenges the Superior Court of Fulton County’s order holding SunTrust’s class-action litigation waiver unconscionable and granting Bickerstaff’s motion for class certification, pursuant to OCGA § 9-11-23. SunTrust argues that the trial court erred in (1) finding the class-action waiver unconscionable, and (2) granting class certification. For the reasons that follow, we affirm.Background and Procedural HistoryLike many banking institutions, SunTrust provides an automated overdraft program that allows an account holder’s ATM or debit card transaction to be approved even if the approved amount exceeds the account holder’s available balance. In other words, the customer has insufficient funds to cover the transaction and SunTrust advances the customer the necessary funds to cover the transaction, but, in return, charges the customer a flat fee per overdraft transaction. During the relevant time period, SunTrust charged a flat overdraft fee of $32 or $36 per overdraft transaction. In the complaint, Bickerstaff alleged that, on multiple occasions, SunTrust “advance[d] money to Plaintiff in amounts less than $3,000 and collected Overdraft Fees from Plaintiff in connection with each such advance.” He maintained that SunTrust’s overdraft fees in fact constitute interest charged by SunTrust for the use of the money SunTrust advanced/loaned account holders to cover overdrafts on their accounts, and that the rate of interest grossly exceeded the rate allowed under Georgia’s usury laws.The record reveals that, in 2009, when Bickerstaff opened his account with SunTrust, he, like all SunTrust customers, signed a document acknowledging receipt of SunTrust’s Rules and Regulations for Deposit Accounts — an approximately 40_page, single-spaced, fine-print booklet (“the Rules and Regulations”) — and agreeing to be bound by the Rules and Regulations. In relevant part, in an introductory section preceding the table of contents, the Rules and Regulations included a provision that “[a] determination that any part of this agreement is invalid or unenforceable will not affect the remainder of this agreement.” On page 22 of the booklet, the Rules and Regulations included a mandatory arbitration provision, which provided as follows:DISPUTE RESOLUTIONREAD THIS PROVISION CAREFULLY AS IT WILL HAVE A SUBSTANTIAL IMPACT ON HOW LEGAL CLAIMS YOU AND WE HAVE AGAINST EACH OTHER ARE RESOLVED. For a Claim subject to arbitration, neither the Depositor nor the Bank will have the right to: (1) have a court or a jury decide the Claim; (2) engage in information-gathering (discovery) to the same extent as in court; (3) participate in a class action in court or in arbitration; or (4) join or consolidate a Claim with claims of any other person. The right to appeal is more limited in arbitration than in court and other rights in court may be unavailable or limited in arbitration.ARBITRATION. Notwithstanding any other provision in these rules and regulations, if either Depositor or the Bank has any unresolvable dispute, controversy or claim . . . whether founded in contract, tort, statutory or common law, concerning, arising out of or relating to the Account or these rules and regulations . . . upon the demand of either party, it will be resolved by individual (not class or class-wide) binding arbitration[.]Additionally, on page 24, the Rules and Regulations contained a jury trial waiver provision, which provided as follows:JURY TRIAL WAIVER. FOR ANY MATTERS NOT SUBMITTED TO ARBITRATION, DEPOSITOR AND BANK HEREBY KNOWINGLY, VOLUNTARILY, INTENTIONALLY AND IRREVOCABLY WAIVE THE RIGHT TO A TRIAL BY JURY IN RESPECT TO ANY LITIGATION BASED HEREON OR ARISING OUT OF THESE RULES AND REGULATIONS, RELATING TO THE ACCOUNT, OR ANY OTHER DISPUTE OR CONTROVERSY BETWEEN YOU AND US. FURTHER, DEPOSITOR AND BANK HEREBY AGREE THAT ANY LITIGATION WILL PROCEED ON AN INDIVIDUAL BASIS AND WILL NOT PROCEED AS PART OF A CLASS ACTION.(emphasis supplied). The final sentence of the above paragraph is at issue in this case and is hereinafter referred to as the “class-action waiver.”After Bickerstaff filed the underlying complaint, SunTrust revised its Rules and Regulations and provided customers with the ability to opt out of arbitration. SunTrust moved to compel arbitration in the underlying case, which the trial court denied, finding that Bickerstaff effectively exercised his right to opt out of arbitration by filing the instant complaint.[2]Subsequently, SunTrust entered into an agreed upon stipulation related to class certification, stipulating to the following:1. SunTrust maintains documents and/or data sufficient to identify the following information related to individual consumer deposit accounts in which an ATM card or debit card transaction caused an overdraft of the account (“Overdraft”) during the putative class period of July 12, 2006, to July 2010 (“Class Period”) and for which an overdraft fee and/or an extended overdraft fee was charged to the account (together, “Overdraft Fee”):a. the individual customer’s name, account number, and mailing address;b. the date each Overdraft was incurred and the amount of the Overdraft;c. the date and amount of any Overdraft Fee that was charged to the account;d. the dates that the account which had an Overdraft subsequently had any transaction that affected the account balance, including, but not limited to, any deposits, credits, or debits and the amount, nature, and posting date of such transactions;e. the date that an account which had an Overdraft subsequently had a positive balance, if it did ever have such a positive balance; andf. the date and amount of any adjustments, credits, or refunds of any Overdraft Fee incurred on the account.2. With a sufficient amount of time and expense, it is possible to obtain and process the documents and/or data sufficient to show the information listed in paragraph 1 above. SunTrust will not argue that class certification should be denied on the basis that it would be unduly burdensome, difficult, or impossible to obtain and produce the documents and data referenced in paragraph 1 above. SunTrust reserves and retains all rights to object to Plaintiff’s request for production of documents.3. The number of individuals who maintain consumer deposit accounts with Georgia mailing addresses which have been assessed an Overdraft Fee caused by an Overdraft during the Class Period exceeds 1,000.4. SunTrust will not argue that class certification should be denied on the basis that the systems or processes used to record an Overdraft and assess an Overdraft Fee during the Class Period differ materially from customer to customer.5. During the Class Period, the Overdraft Fee ranged from $32.00 to $36.00. SunTrust will not argue that class certification should be denied on the basis that the amounts of putative class members’ individual claims related to Overdraft Fees are sufficiently large for it to be feasible for such claims to be brought individually. . . .In 2013, Bickerstaff moved for class certification, pursuant to OCGA § 9_11_23. SunTrust opposed class certification, arguing, in relevant part, that (1) the class_action waiver in the Rules and Regulations precluded certification; (2) Bickerstaff could not opt out of the arbitration agreement on behalf of the class; and (3) Bickerstaff could not satisfy the numerosity, commonality, typicality, and adequacy of representation requirements for class certification under OCGA § 9-11-23. In reply, Bickerstaff asserted, among other arguments, that the class-action waiver was unconscionable, and, alternatively, was unenforceable as a matter of law because it was a non_severable part of the unenforceable jury trial waiver.Following a hearing, the trial court denied Bickerstaff’s motion for class certification, finding that the class lacked numerosity because Bickerstaff could not reject arbitration on behalf of the putative class.[3] Bickerstaff appealed the denial of class certification (Case No. A14A1780), and SunTrust cross_appealed the denial of its motion to compel arbitration (Case No. A14A1781). We affirmed the trial court’s denial of both motions. Bickerstaff v. SunTrust Bank, 332 Ga. App. 121 (770 SE2d 903) (2015) (“Bickerstaff I“). Bickerstaff appealed the class certification issue to our Supreme Court,[4] and the Court reversed and remanded the case for further proceedings, holding thatthe terms of the arbitration rejection provision of SunTrust’s deposit agreement do not prevent Bickerstaff’s class action complaint from tolling the contractual limitation for rejecting that provision on behalf of all putative class members until such time as the class may be certified and each member makes the election to opt out or remain in the class. Accordingly, the numerosity requirement of OCGA § 9-11-23 (a) (1) for pursuing a class complaint is not defeated on this ground.Bickerstaff v. Suntrust Bank, 299 Ga. 459, 470 (788 SE2d 787) (2016) (“Bickerstaff II“). SunTrust filed a petition for writ of certiorari to the United States Supreme Court, which was denied. See SunTrust Bank v. Bickerstaff, 137 SCt 571 (196 LEd 2d 447) (2016).On remand, following supplemental briefing by the parties,[5] the trial court found that the class-action waiver (contained in the jury trial waiver provision of the Rules and Regulations) was procedurally and substantively unconscionable. Additionally, the trial court found that all of the requirements of OCGA § 9-11-23 were met and certified the following class:Every Georgia citizen who had or has one or more accounts with SunTrust Bank and who, from July 12, 2006, to October 6, 2017 (i) had at least one overdraft of $500.00 or less resulting from an ATM or debit card transaction (the “Transaction”); (ii) paid any Overdraft Fees as a result of the Transaction; and (iii) did not receive a refund of those Fees. This appeal followed.“The issues of contract construction and enforceability are generally questions of law for a court to resolve and are therefore subject to de novo review on appeal.” Precision Planning, Inc. v. Richmark Communities, Inc., 298 Ga. App. 78, 78 (679 SE2d 43) (2009). We review a trial court’s grant of class certification for abuse of discretion. See J. M. I. C. Life Ins. Co. v. Toole, 280 Ga. App. 372, 375 (2) (634 SE2d 123) (2006). With these principles in mind, we turn to SunTrust’s enumeration of errors.1. The first issue before us is whether the class-action waiver in SunTrust’s Rules and Regulations is enforceable. The trial court found that the class-action waiver was unconscionable and therefore unenforceable. In three interrelated enumerations of error, SunTrust argues that the trial court erred in finding that the class-action waiver was unconscionable. On the other hand, Bickerstaff argues that we need not reach the question of unconscionability because the class_action waiver is unenforceable as a matter of law as it is a non_severable, integrated part of the legally unenforceable jury trial waiver. SunTrust does not dispute that the jury trial waiver is unenforceable as a matter of law in Georgia,[6] but maintains that the class-action waiver is severable from the otherwise invalid provision. For the reasons that follow, we agree with Bickerstaff.Our Supreme Court has held “that pre-litigation contractual waivers of the right to trial by jury are not enforceable in cases tried under the laws of Georgia.” Bank South, N.A. v. Howard, 264 Ga. 339, 340-341 (444 SE2d 799) (1994). SunTrust’s class-action waiver is not an independent provision. Rather, it is a single sentence contained in the unenforceable jury trial waiver provision. Nevertheless, SunTrust maintains that the class_action waiver is severable based on the general severability clause appearing at the beginning of the Rules and Regulations, which provides that “[a] determination that any part of this agreement is invalid or unenforceable will not affect the remainder of this agreement.” However, “[t]he concept of severability refers to striking a distinct part [of a contract and allowing the remainder to stand], not to excising certain language contained in a single provision.” AMB Property, L.P. v. MTS, Inc., 250 Ga. App. 513, 515 (551 SE2d 102) (2001) (footnote omitted);see also OCGA § 13-1-8 (a) (“A contract may be either entire or severable. In an entire contract, the whole contract stands or falls together. In a severable contract, the failure of a distinct part does not void the remainder.”). In other words, the severability clause allows the remainder of the Rules and Regulations to stand if the jury trial waiver, or any other provision, is voided or deemed unenforceable. The severability clause, however, does not authorize SunTrust or the courts to excise a single sentence (the class-action waiver) from a single integrated provision (the jury trial waiver). AMB Property, 250 Ga. App. at 515. Accordingly, because the class_action waiver is a non-severable part of the unenforceable jury trial waiver provision, we agree with Bickerstaff that the class_action waiver is unenforceable as a matter of law.[7]2. SunTrust argues on appeal that, even in the absence of the class-action waiver, class certification under OCGA § 9-11-23 (b) (3) was inappropriate because individual issues predominate over any common question of law or fact. For the reasons that follow, no abuse of discretion appears in the trial court’s decision to certify the class.The requirements for class certification are set forth in OCGA § 9-11-23 (a) and (b). “In determining the propriety of a class action, the first issue to be resolved is not whether the plaintiffs have stated a cause of action or may ultimately prevail on the merits but whether the requirements of OCGA § 9-11-23 have been met.” Fortis Ins. Co. v. Kahn, 299 Ga. App. 319, 324 (2) (c) (683 SE2d 4) (2009) (citation, punctuation and footnote omitted). Thus, in order to certify a class a trial court must find that:(1) [t]he class is so numerous that joinder of all members is impracticable;(2) [t]here are questions of law or fact common to the class;(3) [t]he claims or defenses of the representative parties are typical of the claims or defenses of the class; and(4) [t]he representative parties will fairly and adequately protect the interests of the class.OCGA § 9-11-23 (a).[8] Additionally, the trial court must determine that at least one ground of OCGA § 9-11-23 (b) is satisfied. See Bickerstaff II, 299 Ga. at 461-462 (“Under Georgia law, a case may proceed as a class action if all prerequisites of OCGA § 9_11-23 (a) are satisfied: numerosity, commonality, typicality, and adequacy, and if at least one ground of OCGA § 9-11-23 (b) is satisfied.”) (citation and punctuation omitted). In relevant part, OCGA § 9_11-23 (b) (3) provides that a class action may be maintained if “[t]he court finds that the questions of law or fact common to the members of the class predominate over any questions affecting only individual members, and that a class action is superior to other available methods for the fair and efficient adjudication of the controversy.”“Trial judges have broad discretion in deciding whether to certify a class, and plaintiffs bear the burden of proving class certification is appropriate. Absent an abuse of the trial judge’s discretion in certifying a class, such decision must be affirmed.” J. M. I. C. Life Ins., 280 Ga. App. at 375 (2) (citations omitted). “Moreover, we will not reverse factual findings in a trial court’s class certification order unless they are clearly erroneous. Under the ‘clearly erroneous’ test, factual findings must be affirmed if supported by any evidence.” Resource Life Ins. Co. v. Buckner, 304 Ga. App. 719, 729 (3) (698 SE2d 19) (2010) (citation and punctuation omitted).First, SunTrust asserts that class certification is improper under OCGA § 9_11_23 (b) (3) because the class-action waiver is enforceable, and, regardless, whether the waiver is procedurally unconscionable is an individualized issue. We disagree. As discussed in Division 1, the class-action waiver is unenforceable as a matter of law.Second, SunTrust argues that whether its overdraft fees constitute interest cannot be determined on a class-wide basis because the particular services involved and costs incurred by SunTrust vary with each fee, and “[a] service charge is not interest if it was based upon some service rendered, trouble encountered, inconvenience sustained or risk assumed by [SunTrust], other than the advance of money.” However, this argument is belied by SunTrust’s stipulation that it “would not argue that class certification should be denied on the basis that the systems or processes used to record an Overdraft and assess an Overdraft Fee . . . differ materially from customer to customer.” Furthermore, “[t]he commonality requirement does not require that all questions of law and fact be common to every member of the class. Rather, the rule requires only that resolution of the common questions affect all or a substantial number of the class members.” Brenntag Mid South, Inc. v. Smart, 308 Ga. App. 899, 903-904 (2) (a) (ii) (710 SE2d 569) (2011) (citation and punctuation omitted); J. M. I. C. Life Ins., 280 Ga. App. at 375 (2) (“a class action is authorized if the members of the class share a common right and common questions of law or fact predominate over individual questions of law or fact. The nature of the right to be enforced may be in common, though the facts as to each member of the alleged class may be different”) (citations and punctuation omitted). Moreover, “[w]hat matters to class certification . . . [is] the capacity of a classwide proceeding to generate common answers apt to drive the resolution of the litigation.” See Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. v. Dukes, 564 U. S. 338, 350 (II) (A) (131 SCt 2541, 180 LEd2d 374) (2011) (citation and punctuation omitted).Here, the putative class members challenge the legality of SunTrust’s overdraft fees, namely whether the overdraft fees constitute unlawful interest under Georgia law. This question will be determined by examination of a common set of terms in identical form contracts that apply to all members of the putative class, and we have held that “claims arising from interpretation of form agreements are considered to be ‘classic cases’ for treatment as a class action.” Resource Life, 304 Ga. App. at 729 (3) (a) (citation and punctuation omitted). More importantly, the answer to this question will not vary with each class member. Thus, a classwide proceeding in this case has the capacity to generate common answers that will drive the resolution of this litigation and renders a class action superior to other available methods for the fair and efficient adjudication of the controversy. Dukes, 564 U. S. at 350 (II) (A).Third, SunTrust asserts that class certification is improper because, if the overdraft fees constitute interest, then the term of each “loan” will have to be determined on an individualized basis for purposes of calculating damages. In other words, the “loan” begins on the date the overdraft is incurred and ends on the date the overdraft and the overdraft fee(s) are repaid by the account holder (i.e. when the account holder brings his or her account balance positive). Therefore, SunTrust is correct that, if Bickerstaff prevails on his claim that the overdraft fees constitute interest, the term of each loan will vary from customer to customer. However, it is well established that “the need for individual damage calculations does not defeat class certification, so long as the liability inquiry presented common legal issues.” Earthlink, Inc. v. Eaves, 293 Ga. App. 75, 77 (1) (666 SE2d 420) (2008) (footnote omitted). As discussed above, the common legal issue of whether SunTrust’s overdraft fees constitute interest predominates and the answer to that question will determine SunTrust’s liability for all putative class members. Furthermore, SunTrust stipulated that it maintains and can access information for each putative class member’s account related to the date and amounts of any overdraft fees charged (“the loan”) during the relevant class period, the date that such fees were paid (i.e. the date the customer’s account had a positive balance and the loan was therefore “paid off”), and any adjustments, credits, or refunds any class member may have received in relation to the charged overdraft fees. Bickerstaff’s expert in data analysis stated in his deposition that it would be possible to use this information to determine the term of the loans for each customer. Thus, any individual factual variations concerning the term of the loan(s) would not necessitate the application of a different set of legal principles. Rather, “when the loan termination date is plugged in to the other information [SunTrust] admits it keeps for all [account holders], it is simply a formulaic administrative matter to determine both who is owed a refund and how much each [account holder] is owed. The fact that there may be differences in the damages for the members of the class does not prevent certification[.]” Resource Life, 304 Ga. App. at 731-732 (3) (a) (citation and punctuation omitted).Finally, SunTrust asserts that class certification is improper because each class member’s ability to recover on the claims for conversion and money had and received will depend on an individualized inquiry as to whether the voluntary payment doctrine bars recovery.[9] This argument is unpersuasive. Bickerstaff’s claims for money had and received and conversion seek to recover all payments under SunTrust’s overdraft program deemed to be usurious, and it is well-established that the voluntary payment doctrine does not apply to the recovery of usury. See, e.g., Dell v. Kugel, 99 Ga. App. 551, 561 (8) (109 SE2d 532) (1959) (holding “[t]hat usury [voluntarily] payed [sic] may be recovered back, under the laws of this State”) (citation and punctuation omitted); Morgan v. Shepherd, 171 Ga. 33, 38-39 (3) (154 SE 780) (1930) (explaining that usury voluntarily paid can be recovered because “a payment of usurious interest is regarded as obtained by taking advantage of the necessities of the borrower, and is therefore excepted from the ordinary rule that one who voluntarily pays money on an illegal demand can not maintain an action to recover such payment”). Thus, if Bickerstaff is successful on his claim that SunTrust’s overdraft fees constitute interest and are usurious, the voluntary payment doctrine will not bar recovery by the putative class members. Accordingly, this issue does not preclude class certification.In light of the foregoing, we conclude the trial court did not abuse its discretion in certifying the class.Judgment affirmed. Rickman and Coomer, JJ., concur.
