Bethel, Justice. A Fulton County jury found William Felts guilty of malice murder and other offenses in connection with the stabbing deaths of Delarlonva Mattox, Jr., and Chrisondra Kimble. Felts appeals, arguing that the evidence presented at trial was insufficient to support his convictions. We affirm.[1] 1. Viewed in the light most favorable to the verdicts, the evidence presented at trial showed the following. On April 5, 2007, 13-year-old Chrisondra Kimble and 15-year-old Delarlonva Mattox, Jr., were at Mattox’s house in College Park. They left the house around 4:00 p.m. to buy snacks at a store. Mattox told their grandmother before they left the house that they planned to walk to the store through a shortcut in some nearby woods surrounding an elementary school. Kimble and Mattox walked to the store, purchased several items, and left around 5:30 p.m. They never returned home. Later that evening, Mattox’s family became concerned. Mattox’s father called the police, and the families and some neighbors searched the area for Kimble and Mattox. Their bodies were found off the pathway in the woods around the elementary school at approximately 4:00 p.m. the next afternoon. When they were found, both Kimble and Mattox were lying on the ground unclothed. Their clothes were found in a pile nearby. Mattox’s face was covered in blood, and a belt was tied around his ankles. Both were dead. Kimble’s autopsy revealed that she had injuries consistent with strangulation and that she was stabbed 16 times: three times in her head and 13 times in her neck. Kimble ultimately died from the stab wounds to her neck. She had abrasions on her face and thighs that were consistent with having her face and the front of her body pressed and rubbed repeatedly against the ground. She also had vaginal bruising and injuries. Investigators found Moody’s DNA inside Kimble’s vagina. Mattox’s autopsy revealed that he died of 35 to 40 stab wounds to the head, neck, and chest. The wounds to his neck and chest caused significant blood loss. According to the medical examiner, the head wounds would have taken a “huge amount” of force and would have been painful, as four of them went through his skull and into his brain. Other head wounds showed signs of “drag,” indicating that Mattox was moving his head from side-to-side as he was stabbed. Two stabs to his chest punctured vital blood vessels, and stabs to his neck punctured his left carotid artery and both jugular veins. The stab wounds suffered by both Kimble and Mattox were consistent with having been inflicted by a blunt, rectangular object such as a flathead screwdriver. The medical examiner testified that, due to the size and fitness of the victims and the number and extent of their injuries, it would have been “really difficult, if not impossible” for one person to have inflicted all of the injuries without assistance. The medical examiner testified that “once these injuries started occurring, I think [the victims] would be trying to get away. I think it would be very hard for one person to control them.” The medical examiner testified that it was “unreasonable” to conclude that a person could be holding the belt that was tied around Mattox’s ankles while stabbing Kimble. Further, Mattox played baseball, basketball, soccer, and was on the swimming team. Witnesses testified that he lifted weights, and they described him as “buff,” “very athletic,” and “physically strong.” The officer who collected the clothing that was piled near the victims’ bodies testified that, in examining a t-shirt, a jacket, and a pair of tennis shoes associated with Mattox and a shirt, a pair of jeans, and tennis shoes associated with Kimble, she saw no signs of blood or defects consistent with stabbing on those items or any sign that Kimble’s shirt had been ripped. Moody called his girlfriend, Tameka Wright, around 5:21 p.m. on April 5, the day the victims went missing, and told her that he was going to rob someone so that he could bring her some money. At 7:11 p.m., Wright called Moody, and he told her that he had money for her from two drug dealers he had just robbed. Around noon on April 7, Wright called the police and reported what Moody had told her. The police located Moody at a nearby bus station. He was searched, and the police found information about bus tickets to Texas and Florida in his possession. Moody was placed under arrest. Virginia Spear, a friend of Felts, testified that, on the afternoon of April 5, Moody and Felts came to her home near the elementary school. Moody seemed “nervous and edgy,” and Felts seemed “sleepy.” Both Moody and Felts made statements in Spear’s presence seeming to brag about committing crimes.[2] According to multiple witnesses, Felts made plans that evening to leave the area because he feared being connected to the killing of the victims.[3] Osborne Chappell, Felts’s cousin, testified that, on April 7, Felts’s mother asked Chappell to drive Felts to a relative’s home in South Carolina. Chappell agreed and drove Felts to South Carolina that day. The police located Felts in South Carolina and arrested him on April 12. The officer who arrested Felts gave the Miranda[4] warnings after handcuffing Felts and placing him into the police vehicle. Following his arrest, and after again receiving Miranda warnings, Felts was interviewed. He told the police the following. He noticed Moody was acting strangely for a few days before the murders, and he could tell Moody was going to do something “foolish.” On April 5, he and Moody were in or near the woods by the elementary school “plotting what [they were] going to do to come up on some money.” He knew Moody “was on cocaine.” He told Moody that Moody needed to sit down, but “Moody was not one to go sit down, period. Bottom line. He was gonna stay out until he found him a victim.” When they spotted Kimble and Mattox walking down the street, Felts stood near a tree and acted as a lookout while Moody approached them and began talking to them and leading them towards the woods. It looked like Moody was trying to force Mattox and Kimble to kiss, hug, or have sex with each other when he first confronted them. The closer Moody got them to the woods, the worse Felts started feeling. Moody had his hands in his pockets when he approached Kimble and Mattox, and “[a]ny time Moody got his hands in his pocket, he got a weapon.” Felts knew Moody had something that looked like a box cutter or a screwdriver, and he saw it in Moody’s hand once Moody had forced Kimble and Mattox into the woods. Once by the woods, Moody specifically tried to trick Mattox by offering him beer, but Mattox was not persuaded. Moody then forced Kimble and Mattox into the woods.[5] Mattox resisted Moody, and Felts saw Moody hit Mattox with some type of object and knock him to the ground. Felts said he saw Kimble backing up and trying to put her hand up while Moody was holding the weapon with which he previously hit Maddox. He then saw Moody attack Kimble, begin ripping at her shirt, throw her to the ground, and begin to choke her. Felts did not want anything to do with what Moody was doing. Kimble was screaming as Felts began to walk away, but by the time he reached the end of the street, the screaming had stopped. Felts told the police that he and Moody had only planned to rob Mattox and Kimble and that he did not know Moody planned to “go that far.” Felts claimed that he never touched either victim and that he was not with Moody when Moody killed Mattox and raped and killed Kimble. He said that he saw Moody again later that afternoon. 2. In three separate enumerations of error, Felts contends that the evidence presented at trial and summarized above was insufficient as a matter of constitutional due process to support his convictions for malice murder, aggravated assault with intent to rob, and kidnapping with bodily injury.[6] See Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U. S. 307, 319 (III) (B) (99 SCt 2781, 61 LE2d 560) (1979). When evaluating the sufficiency of evidence, this Court views the evidence presented at trial in the light most favorable to the verdicts and asks whether any rational trier of fact could have found the defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. See id. Felts contends that the only conclusion to be drawn from the evidence presented at trial is that Moody was the sole perpetrator of these offenses. We disagree and conclude that the evidence presented at trial was sufficient to authorize his convictions.[7] (a) We first consider the sufficiency of the evidence with regard to the counts for the malice murder of Kimble and Mattox. A person commits the offense of murder when he unlawfully and with malice aforethought, either express or implied, causes the death of another human being. The State, of course, must prove malice beyond a reasonable doubt to convict someone of malice murder, as malice incorporates the intent to kill. Express malice is that deliberate intention unlawfully to take the life of another human being which is manifested by external circumstances capable of proof, while malice is implied where no considerable provocation appears and where all the circumstances of the killing show an abandoned and malignant heart. The malice necessary to establish malice murder may be formed in an instant, as long as it is present at the time of the killing. It is for a jury to determine from all the facts and circumstances whether a killing is intentional and malicious. (Citations and punctuation omitted.) Benton v. State, 305 Ga. 242, 244 (1) (a) (824 SE2d 322) (2019); see also OCGA § 16-5-1. Moreover, under OCGA § 16-2-20 (a), “[e]very person concerned in the commission of a crime is a party thereto and may be charged with and convicted of commission of the crime.” Conviction as a party to a crime requires proof that the defendant “shared a common criminal intent with the direct [perpetrator]” of the crimes. Fleming v. State, 306 Ga. 240, 247 (3) (b) (830 SE2d 129) (2019). A jury may infer a common criminal intent from the defendant’s presence, companionship, and conduct with the other perpetrator before, during, and after the crimes. See Powell v. State, 307 Ga. 96, 99 (1) (834 SE2d 822) (2019). This Court has held that evidence was sufficient to support a malice murder conviction where it demonstrated that the defendant aided and abetted the murder, or where the defendant conspired to commit a crime that foreseeably led to murder, or both. See, e.g., Kemp v. State, 303 Ga. 385, 389 (1) (a) (810 SE2d 515) (2018). At Felts’s trial, the State presented evidence that Felts aided and abetted Moody in the brutal stabbing murders of Mattox and Kimble and that he conspired with Moody to commit a crime — robbery — that foreseeably led to the murders. Thus, under either theory, the jury was authorized by the evidence to find that Felts was a party to the murders. See id. As to the first theory, the evidence authorized the jury to conclude that Felts helped to restrain Mattox and Kimble while Moody attacked and killed them. Testimony of several witnesses established that Mattox was a physically fit and athletic teenager. The medical examiner testified that it would have been very difficult for one person to have committed the crimes alone, given the size and strength of the victims, particularly Mattox, and the number and extent of the injuries that were inflicted upon both Kimble and Mattox. In his interview with the police, Felts denied that he ever touched Kimble and Mattox and insisted that he walked away once Moody began attacking them, but the jury was entitled to reject his story, particularly in light of the physical evidence regarding the manner of the killings. Felts also admitted being near the scene of the crimes with Moody after the murders, and other witnesses saw the two together the evening after Kimble and Mattox were killed. There was also evidence that, even before the victims’ bodies were located by their families and neighbors, Felts had become concerned about rumors that he was involved in the murders and that, shortly after the murders, he fled to South Carolina where he was later discovered and arrested. See Rowland v. State, 306 Ga. 59, 65 (3) n.4 (829 SE2d 81) (2019) (Evidence of “flight . . . and related conduct is admissible as evidence of consciousness of guilt, and thus of guilt itself.” (citation and punctuation omitted)). As to the second theory, Felts admitted in his interview that he conspired with and assisted Moody in committing the initial robbery that ultimately escalated to the murders. He told the police that he knew Moody had a box cutter or a screwdriver before the attacks on Mattox and Kimble and that Moody was heavily under the influence of cocaine. This Court has determined that murder is a reasonably foreseeable consequence of a robbery. See Kemp, 303 Ga. at 389 (1) (a). “As a result, the intent of the actual killer may be imputed to the other active members of the conspiracy even though the homicide may not have been a part of the original common design.” (Citation and punctuation omitted.) Id. Thus, the jury could find that Felts was a party to the malice murders of Mattox and Kimble because his participation in the robbery and his suspicion that Moody would do something violent carried with it the foreseeable risk that the robbery could escalate into a murder. This was particularly the case because of Moody’s mental state due to his use of cocaine before the robbery and his possession of a weapon. See id. Thus, the evidence presented at trial was sufficient to sustain the jury’s verdicts on the malice murder counts. (b) We next consider the sufficiency of the evidence with regard to the two counts of aggravated assault with intent to rob of which Felts was convicted. OCGA § 16-5-21 (a) (1) provides, in relevant part, that “[a] person commits the offense of aggravated assault when he or she assaults, with intent to rob with a deadly weapon or with any object, device, or instrument which when used offensively against a person, is likely to or actually does result in serious bodily injury.” See also Lucky v. State, 286 Ga. 478, 481 (2) (689 SE2d 825) (2010). “An assault takes place when a perpetrator either attempts to commit a violent injury to the person of the victim or commits an act which places the victim in reasonable apprehension of immediately receiving a violent injury.” Id. As discussed above, the State introduced evidence, namely Felts’s own statements, that Felts and Moody were looking for someone to rob, that they saw Mattox and Kimble walking by, and that they quickly made a plan to rob them. Felts admitted that he saw Moody with a box cutter or screwdriver, that he saw Moody attack Mattox and Kimble, and that Felts was standing nearby as a lookout when Moody began attacking them. This evidence established each element of the offense of aggravated assault with intent to rob and authorized the jury to find that Felts “shared a common criminal intent with the direct [perpetrator]” of the crimes. Fleming, 306 Ga. at 247 (3) (b). The jury was also authorized to infer such common criminal intent between Felts and Moody from Felts’s “presence, companionship, and conduct with [Moody] before, during, and after the crimes.” Powell, 307 Ga. at 99 (1). In addition, other evidence also authorized the jury to determine that Felts was a more direct participant in the assaults of Kimble and Mattox. The testimony of the medical examiner and testimony about the size and build of the victims, particularly Mattox, authorized the jury to determine that Moody did not act alone in committing the crimes. Therefore, the evidence authorized the jury to find that Felts was a party to the crimes of aggravated assault with intent to rob Kimble and Mattox. (c) Finally, we consider the sufficiency of the evidence presented as to the two counts of kidnapping with bodily injury of which Felts was convicted. In 2007, when the crimes occurred, OCGA § 16-5-40 (a) provided that “[a] person commits the offense of kidnapping when he abducts or steals away any person without lawful authority or warrant and holds such person against his will.” The version of OCGA § 16-5-40 (b) (4) in effect at the time provided that “[a] person convicted of the offense of kidnapping shall be punished by . . . [l]ife imprisonment or death if the person kidnapped received bodily injury.” This Court’s decision in Garza v. State, 284 Ga. 696, 702 (1) (670 SE2d 73) (2008), established four factors that should be applied in determining whether the “asportation” requirement of the kidnapping offense in effect at the time of the crimes committed in this case had been met: (1) duration of the movement; (2) whether the movement occurred during the commission of a separate offense; (3) whether such movement was inherent to the commission of the separate offense; and (4) whether the movement itself presented a significant danger to the victim independent of the danger imposed by the separate offense. These factors are considered 8.S 8. whole; it is not necessary that all four factors weigh in favor of asportation. What must be kept in mind is the purpose of the Garza test, which is to determine whether the movement in question served to substantially isolate the victim[s] from protection or rescue, the evil which the kidnapping statute was originally intended to address. (Citations and punctuation omitted.) Mercer v. Johnson, 304 Ga. 219, 220 (1) (818 SE2d 246) (2018).[8] The evidence presented at trial authorized the jury to determine that Felts and Moody initially encountered Mattox and Kimble on the street. Felts’s statements to the police established that Moody spoke to Kimble and Mattox and attempted to lure them into a secluded spot. When he was unsuccessful, Moody (with Felts either acting as a lookout or directly assisting him) eventually forced Kimble and Mattox into the woods. Their bodies were found the next afternoon in a wooded area near an elementary school. Duration. As to the first Garza factor, the evidence authorized the jury to find that the duration of the movement was more than the “slight” movement this Court found to be insufficient in Garza. There, the movement of the victims consisted entirely of one victim falling to the floor from a standing position and then rising to sit in a chair and a second victim being moved from one room to another. See Garza, 284 Ga. at 702 (1). Here, by contrast, the evidence authorized the jury to find that Moody and Felts confronted Kimble and Mattox on the street and then moved them into a wooded area nearby. While it is unclear from the record exactly how far the victims were moved or how long it took to do so, “[t]he movement of the victim [s] in this case was well beyond the ‘slight’ movement that concerned the Court in Garza, and thus the first Garza factor was satisfied.” Williams v. State, 291 Ga. 501, 503 (1) (b) (732 SE2d 47) (2012). Separate Offense. As to the second Garza factor, Felts’s statements to the police indicate that the movement of Kimble and Mattox occurred before Moody brandished a screwdriver, box cutter, or other weapon at them and physically attacked them after they reached the woods, ultimately killing them. That evidence established the offenses of aggravated assault with intent to rob and malice murder, as charged in the indictment, but the evidence indicates that the movement of Kimble and Mattox was completed before those crimes were committed. Movement Inherent to Separate Offense. With regard to the third Garza factor, the evidence showed that the movement of the victims was not an inherent or necessary part of the commission of the offense of aggravated assault with intent to rob or the murders of Kimble and Mattox. See Williams, 291 Ga. at 504 (1) (b). Movement of the victims was not required in order to commit these offenses. Additional Danger to Victim Caused by Movement. With regard to the final Garza factor, the movement of the victims from the street to a secluded wooded area appears to have facilitated the initial plan hatched by Moody and Felts to rob the victims and concealed the physical attacks on the victims that ensued once they reached the woods. The jury was authorized to conclude that moving the victims to the woods “presented a significant additional danger” to the victims. Williams, 291 Ga. at 504 (1) (b); see also Hyden v. State, 308 Ga. 218, 222 (1) (839 SE2d 506) (2020) (asportation requirement satisfied where, among other factors, the movement of the victim isolated the victim from a place where he could have been more easily found); Inman v. State, 294 Ga. 650, 652 (1) (755 SE2d 752) (2014) (movement of victims behind a house and shed and near a wooded area increased danger to victims). Thus, considering the Garza factors as a whole, the evidence presented at trial was sufficient to prove the asportation element of the kidnapping offenses in this case. Moreover, because Kimble and Mattox suffered fatal injuries in connection with the kidnapping, each element of the crime of kidnapping with bodily injury was established by the evidence presented at trial. Although Felts contends that there was no evidence presented that he was present when Moody committed the crimes or that he participated in kidnapping the victims, as noted repeatedly above, the evidence authorized the jury to determine that Felts acted as a lookout after he and Moody made their initial plan to rob Mattox and Kimble. He was thus culpable for the acts of Moody in directly moving the victims from the street to the woods. See Williams, 291 Ga. at 504 (1) (c). The jury could also reject Felts’s version of the events and infer that Felts more directly participated in moving Mattox and Kimble and then assisted in holding them against their will before they were killed. Thus, the evidence presented at trial was sufficient to sustain Felts’s convictions for kidnapping with bodily injury. Judgment affirmed. All the Justices concur.
