Bethel, Justice. A Banks County jury found Stephen Alexander guilty of several sexual offenses against his stepdaughters, both of whom were minors during Alexander’s trial. At trial, the two victims and a child advocate testified in a courtroom that was partially closed to spectators at the direction of the trial court. As discussed below, the improper closure of a courtroom is considered a “structural” error that results in reversal of a defendant’s conviction on direct appeal if the error was committed over objection. Alexander’s trial counsel, however, did not object. Thus, this case involves a criminal defendant who is seeking to challenge the closure of a courtroom solely through a Sixth Amendment claim of ineffective assistance of counsel under Strickland v. Washington, 466 U. S. 668 (104 SCt 2052, 80 LE2d 674) (1984). Relying on this Court’s decision in Reid v. State, 286 Ga. 484, 488 (3) (b) (690 SE2d 177) (2010), the trial court and the Court of Appeals determined that the proper Strickland analysis requires a defendant in this posture to demonstrate actual prejudice to prevail and rejected Alexander’s claim of ineffective assistance of counsel for failure to show any such prejudice. See Alexander v. State, 356 Ga. App. 392, 394-395 (2) (a) (847 SE2d 383) (2020). Alexander maintains that post-Reid authority from the Supreme Court of the United States requires a different analysis, see Weaver v. Massachusetts, __ U. S. __ (137 SCt 1899, 198 LE2d 420) (2017), and urges us to revisit the question of what a defendant must demonstrate when challenging a courtroom closure through a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel. We granted certiorari to determine the soundness of Reid in light of Weaver. Although Weaver discussed a “fundamental unfairness” test as a potential alternative to demonstrating prejudice arising from counsel’s failure to object to a courtroom closure, the United States Supreme Court neither adopted that test in Weaver nor held that such a test was satisfied in the case before it. In short, Weavers discussion of a fundamental unfairness test was merely dicta, and it created no binding Sixth Amendment precedent. Moreover, we view our decision in Reid as a faithful application of Strickland and its requirement that the defendant demonstrate a reasonable probability that an alleged error by counsel affected the outcome of his trial. Thus, as discussed more fully below, we adhere to the holding of Reid that a showing of actual prejudice is required to establish a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel arising from the failure to object to a courtroom closure and affirm. 1. Factual Background We briefly recount facts of this case that are relevant to the issue before us. Alexander was charged with multiple sexual offenses against his two stepdaughters, both of whom were under the age of 16 at the time of Alexander’s trial. Before trial, the State requested that the “courtroom be cleared” during the victims’ testimony without stating any grounds for this request. Alexander’s counsel replied, “I certainly don’t oppose that. I think it would be appropriate.” The trial court immediately announced that the courtroom gallery would be cleared when those witnesses testified. The prosecutor then informed the trial court that the victims requested that their uncle be permitted to remain in the courtroom during their testimony. After the uncle was identified in the courtroom gallery, the trial court replied, “Okay. All right.” After opening statements, the trial court excused the jury and then announced, “I am going to, on request from counsel from both sides, go ahead and ask that the gallery be cleared, except for the uncle, and we’ll go from there.” The older victim testified first, followed by the child advocate who had interviewed her after she disclosed the abuse. Then the younger victim testified. During the testimony of these three witnesses, the courtroom’s gallery was cleared of all spectators except the victims’ uncle. Alexander’s parents were among those who were asked to leave the courtroom.[1] The victims testified at length about a years-long history of sexual abuse by Alexander. The child advocate, who was qualified as an expert in forensic interviewing and child sexual abuse, testified generally about the process of conducting forensic interviews of suspected victims of child sexual abuse and specifically about his interview of the older victim after she disclosed the abuse. An audio and video recording of the interview was admitted during the advocate’s testimony and played for the jury. The advocate testified that, based on his experience, it was his opinion that the older victim’s “disclosure and interview are consistent with a child who’s experienced sexual abuse.” After the testimony of the younger victim, the spectators who had been asked to leave the gallery were invited back into the courtroom.[2] The remaining witnesses for the State and defense testified with the courtroom open.[3] The jury ultimately found Alexander guilty of multiple counts of rape, statutory rape, aggravated child molestation, aggravated sexual battery, incest, and false imprisonment, and the trial court sentenced him to serve life in prison without the possibility of parole plus 125 years. Alexander thereafter moved for a new trial. At the hearing on the motion, Alexander testified that he asked one of his trial attorneys why his family members had to leave the courtroom. Alexander testified that his attorney said “We’ll check into it.” Alexander testified that he wanted his family members to be in the courtroom and did not want them to be removed. Alexander also testified that his mother and father, who were asked to leave the courtroom, had “a good relationship” with the victims and that he believed their presence in the courtroom “would have helped maybe get the truth out.” One of Alexander’s trial attorneys likewise testified that “[Alexander] wanted his family to be in the courtroom at all times.” Counsel explained that he “should have objected to [the partial closure] because . . . I knew then and I know now what the law is and I should have objected, but I did not.” Counsel also testified that there was no strategic reason to withhold an objection and that “[i]t just did not occur to [him].” Relying on this Court’s decision in Reid, the trial court rejected Alexander’s claim of ineffective assistance arising from the failure to object to the partial courtroom closure. Alexander appealed, but, also relying on Reid, the Court of Appeals affirmed that ruling. See Alexander, 356 Ga. App. at 394-395 (2) (a). We granted Alexander’s petition for a writ of certiorari.[4] 2. The Right to a Public Trial, Structural Error, and Ineffective Assistance of Counsel The Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution provides that “the accused shall enjoy the right to a . . . public trial[.]” Before excluding the public from any stage of a criminal trial, the party seeking to close the courtroom “ must advance an overriding interest that is likely to be prejudiced” if the courtroom remains open. (Citation omitted.) Presley v. Georgia, 558 U. S. 209, 214 (130 SCt 721, 175 LE2d 675) (2010). In addition, “the closure must be no broader than necessary to protect that interest,” and “the trial court must consider reasonable alternatives” to the closure, even “when they are not offered by the parties.” (Citation omitted.) Id. The trial court “must make findings adequate to support the closure.” (Citation omitted.) Id. The Sixth Amendment right to a public trial is applicable to the states. See Purvis v. State, 288 Ga. 865, 866 (1) (708 SE2d 283) (2011). The Georgia Constitution also limits the authority of the trial court to close a courtroom. Article I, Section I, Paragraph XI (a) provides that, in criminal cases, the defendant “shall have a public . . . trial[.]” As we discussed in Purvis, Georgia law regarding the public aspect of hearings in criminal cases is more protective of the concept of open courtrooms than federal law. Our state constitution point- blankly states that criminal trials shall be public. We see no friction between these state and federal constitutional provisions, properly interpreted, since the objectives of both are identical: access to judicial hearings for the public and fair trials for criminal defendants. (Emphasis in original; citation and punctuation omitted.) Id. Georgia statutory law mandates the partial closure of a courtroom when a person under the age of 16 testifies in a criminal case concerning a sexual offense, although the statute permits certain individuals, including the defendant’s immediate family members, to remain in the courtroom. See OCGA § 17-8-54[5]; see also Scott v. State, 306 Ga. 507, 513 (832 SE2d 426) (2019) (Peterson, J., concurring) (noting that OCGA § 17-8-54 imposes a mandatory closure rule and discussing concerns about the constitutionality of such a rule).[6] Here, Alexander argues that his counsel performed deficiently by failing to object to the trial court’s partial closure of the courtroom. He argues that the partial closure deprived him of his public-trial right under the Sixth Amendment when the trial court failed to conduct any inquiry or make any findings pursuant to Presley regarding the interests to be advanced by the closure, whether the closure was broader than necessary to advance those interests, and whether there were alternatives to closure. See Weaver, 137 SCt at 1909 (II) (B) (noting that a public-trial violation can occur “simply because the trial court omits to make the proper findings before closing the courtroom, even if those findings might have been fully supported by the evidence” (citing Presley, 558 U. S. at 215)); Jackson v. State, 339 Ga. App. 313, 319 (2) (b) (793 SE2d 201) (2016) (holding that the closure of the courtroom in that case “did not comply with [federal] constitutional requirements because the trial court made no findings adequate to support the closure, including a consideration of reasonable alternatives”). Moreover, Alexander argues, had his trial counsel objected to the partial closure and had the objection been overruled, Alexander would have been entitled to have his convictions reversed on direct appeal without the need to show actual harm because a courtroom closure during witness testimony in violation of a defendant’s right to a public trial under the Sixth Amendment is a “structural” error. See Reid, 286 Ga. at 488 (3) (c). Structural error is a defect affecting the framework within which the trial proceeds, rather than simply an error in the trial process itself. As such, structural errors are not subject to harmless error analysis [when properly raised at trial and on direct appeal]. (Citation and punctuation omitted) Berry v. State, 282 Ga. 376, 378 (3) (651 SE2d 1) (2007).[7] When no objection to an alleged error is raised at trial and the error is raised only through a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, however, Strickland ordinarily requires the defendant to show not only that his counsel performed deficiently by not objecting but also that the deficiency caused prejudice, meaning a reasonable probability that, but for the deficiency, the outcome of the trial would have been different. See Strickland, 466 U. S. at 694 (III) (B). Applying Strickland, this Court held in Reid that even when a courtroom closure would necessitate reversal had an objection been preserved, in order to satisfy the prejudice prong of the Strickland test, the defendant is required to demonstrate a reasonable probability that the outcome of the trial would have been different had his counsel objected to the closure. See Reid, 286 Ga. at 487-489 (3) (b). In Reid, the trial court temporarily closed the courtroom for the trial testimony of two witnesses. See id. at 487 (3) (c). The defendant did not object but later challenged the courtroom closure through a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel. See id. In reviewing the defendant’s claim, this Court stated that, assuming the failure to object constituted deficient performance, the defendant “still must show that he was prejudiced by counsel’s decision not to object to the brief closing of the courtroom. . . . [P]rejudice will not be presumed.” Id. at 487-488 (3) (c). Thus, this Court stated that even though “[t]he improper closing of a courtroom is a structural error requiring reversal . . . if the defendant properly objected at trial and raised the issue on direct appeal,” when challenged in the context of a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, the defendant “must prove a reasonable probability of a different result” had counsel objected. Id. at 488 (3) (c). Because the defendant in Reid had not done so, his claim of ineffective assistance failed. See id. at 488-489 (3) (c).[8] As noted previously, both the trial court and the Court of Appeals relied on Reid in denying Alexander’s claim of ineffective assistance. See Alexander, 356 Ga. App. at 394-395 (2) (a). Alexander argues that, despite Reid, Weaver allows him to establish his claim of ineffective assistance by showing that his counsel’s failure to object to the partial courtroom closure rendered his trial fundamentally unfair. We turn now to that question. 3. The Scope and Applicability of Weaver Weaver involved a criminal case in Massachusetts in which “the courtroom was occupied by potential jurors and closed to the public for two days of the jury selection process.” 137 SCt at 1905.[9] “Defense counsel neither objected to the closure at trial nor raised the issue on direct review.” Id. at 1905.[10] The Court noted that Weaver came before the court “on the assumption that, in failing to object, defense counsel provided ineffective assistance.” Id. The Court suggested, however, that a defendant’s failure to demonstrate a reasonable probability that the lack of objection to the courtroom closure affected the outcome of his trial might not always be fatal to his claim of ineffective assistance of counsel. The Court recognized a disagreement among federal courts of appeal and state courts of last resort about whether a defendant must demonstrate prejudice in a case in which an objection to a structural error is not preserved. See id. at 1907 (I). The Court explained that “[s]ome courts have held that when a defendant shows that his attorney unreasonably failed to object to a structural error, the defendant is entitled to a new trial without further inquiry, whereas other courts, including this Court in Reid, “have held that the defendant is entitled to relief only if he or she can show prejudice.” Weaver, 137 SCt at 1907 (I) (citing Reid, among other cases). The Court noted that it granted certiorari in Weaver “to resolve that disagreement” but would do so “specifically and only in the context of trial counsel’s failure to object to the closure of the courtroom during jury selection,” which is the stage of the proceedings at which the closure occurred in that case. Id. The Court recognized that under Strickland, a defendant generally must show that his counsel’s deficient performance prejudiced him in that there is “a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different,” but noted Strickland‘s caution that the prejudice inquiry should not be applied in a “‘mechanical’” fashion and that claims of ineffective assistance must ultimately concentrate on “‘the fundamental fairness of the proceeding.’” Id. at 1911 (III) (quoting Strickland, 466 U. S. at 694-696 (IV)). The Court said that Weaver therefore argued that, “even if there is no showing of a reasonable probability of a different outcome, relief still must be granted if the convicted person shows that attorney errors rendered the trial fundamentally unfair.” Id. Without deciding whether Weaver’s proposed alternative way of showing prejudice was an appropriate test, the Court “assume[d]” for “ analytical purposes of this case” that Weaver’s interpretation of Strickland was correct, emphasizing that “[i]n light of the Court’s ultimate holding, . . . the Court need not decide that question here.” Id. Thus, the rest of the discussion in Weaver regarding a “fundamental unfairness” test was plainly dicta — application of a legal standard that the Court merely assumed and explicitly did not adopt, as two Justices who joined the Court’s opinion expressly noted. See id. at 1914 (Thomas, J., concurring, joined by Gorsuch, J.) (“Strickland did not hold, as the Court assumes, that a defendant may establish prejudice by showing that his counsel’s errors rendered the trial fundamentally unfair. Because the Court concludes that the closure during petitioner’s jury selection did not lead to fundamental unfairness in any event, no part of the discussion about fundamental unfairness is necessary to its result.” (citations and punctuation omitted)); see also Ordonez Azmen v. Barr, 965 F3d 128, 133 (2d Cir. 2020) (explaining that “assumptions [regarding legal issues] are mere dicta”); 3 Wayne LaFave, Criminal Procedure § 11.10 (d) (4th ed. 2021) (noting that Weavers statements about “fundamental unfairness” were dicta). And “dicta is not binding on anyone for any purpose.” Edwards v. Prime, Inc., 602 F3d 1276, 1298 (V) (C) (11th Cir. 2010). This dicta began with the Court noting that not every public-trial violation will in fact lead to a fundamentally unfair trial. Nor can it be said that the failure to object to a public-trial violation always deprives the defendant of a reasonable probability of a different outcome. Thus, when a defendant raises a public-trial violation via an ineffective-assistance-of-counsel claim, Strickland prejudice is not shown automatically. Instead, the burden is on the defendant to show either a reasonable probability of a different outcome in his or her case or, as the Court has assumed for these purposes, to show that the particular public-trial violation was so serious as to render his or her trial fundamentally unfair. (Citations omitted.) Weaver, 137 SCt at 1911 (III). Applying that assumed standard, the Court first held that Weaver had not shown “prejudice in the ordinary sense, i.e., a reasonable probability that the jury would not have convicted him if his attorney had objected to the closure.” Id. at 1912 (IV). The Court noted that it was “possible that potential jurors might have behaved differently if [Weaver's] family had been present” and that “the presence of the public might have had some bearing on juror reaction.” Id. However, the Court noted that Weaver “offered no evidence or legal argument establishing prejudice in the sense of a reasonable probability of a different outcome but for counsel’s failure to object.” (Citations and punctuation omitted.) Id. at 1912-1913 (IV). The Court then suggested that [i]n other circumstances a different result might obtain. If, for instance, defense counsel errs in failing to object when the government’s main witness testifies in secret, then the defendant might be able to show prejudice with little more detail. Even in those circumstances, however, the burden would remain on the defendant to make the prejudice showing, because a public-trial violation does not always lead to a fundamentally unfair trial. (Citations omitted.) Id. at 1913 (IV). The Court ultimately determined — “[i]n light of [its] assumption that prejudice can be shown by a demonstration of fundamental unfairness” — that Weaver had failed to show that his counsel’s deficient performance had rendered the trial fundamentally unfair. Id. As this recounting of Weaver shows, despite the Supreme Court’s theorizing about how a defendant might establish a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel in the context of a courtroom closure, neither the test assumed in Weaver, nor anything else stated in Weaver about it, is binding upon this Court. In addition, nothing in Weaver displaced our holding in Reid that a showing of actual prejudice is required in order to establish a claim of ineffective assistance arising from trial counsel’s failure to object to a courtroom closure. 4. We Adhere to Reid Alexander urges this Court to adopt the test assumed in Weaver and, in a supplemental brief filed after oral argument, asks us to overrule Reid. He contends that he could establish his claim of ineffective assistance of counsel based on a showing of fundamental unfairness without demonstrating a reasonable probability of a different outcome. However, as noted above, Weaver did not actually establish any new test for evaluating claims of ineffective assistance of counsel, and there are sound reasons to continue applying Reids holding to such claims. Thus, as we discuss below, we adhere to Reid and reject any application of the test assumed in Weaver to this case. We have cited Weaver in only one case addressing a defendant’s claim of ineffective assistance arising from a courtroom closure. See Walker v. State, 308 Ga. 33, 41 (3) (c) (838 SE2d 792) (2020). In Walker, the trial court ordered that spectators not be permitted to move in and out of the courtroom during closing arguments and the final jury charge. See id. Trial counsel failed to object, and the defendant argued that the failure constituted ineffective assistance under Strickland. See id. We concluded that the claim failed under both Reid and Weaver‘s assumed test because the defendant had “not shown that the trial court’s order rendered his trial fundamentally unfair or that it somehow altered the outcome of trial.” Id. at 41 (3) (c). Although our holding might suggest that a defendant could establish a claim of ineffective assistance through a showing of fundamental unfairness, we never analyzed or adopted that test; instead, like the Supreme Court in Weaver, we simply determined that the defendant failed to satisfy that test, if it even applied at all. See id. We see no reason for the dicta in Weaver to disturb this Court’s square holding in Reid regarding claims of ineffective assistance arising from the failure to object to a courtroom closure. We are mindful that “dicta from the Supreme Court is not something to be lightly cast aside.” (Citation and punctuation omitted.) Schwab v. Crosby, 451 F3d 1308, 1326 (II) (B) (11th Cir. 2006). Such dicta may be of “considerable persuasive value, especially [when] it interprets the Court’s own precedent.” United States v. City of Hialeah, 140 F3d 968, 974 (III) (A) (11th Cir. 1998). However, the Court’s dicta is less persuasive to us where, as it did in Weaver, the Court merely considered an assumption proposed by a litigant for the sake of argument. Establishing a new legal test based on dicta regarding legal assumptions made by the Supreme Court comes with risks, and we should not presume that, if the Supreme Court actually decided the issue it assumed in Weaver, its holding would match its assumption. See, e.g., Campbell-Ewald Co. v. Gomez, 577 U. S. 153, 161-62 (136 SCt 663, 193 LE2d 571) (2016) (explaining that the Court had previously “simply assumed, without deciding” a legal issue and deciding the issue contrary to the previous assumption). Moreover, Reid is a sound precedent which faithfully applies the two-pronged Strickland test. See Weaver, 137 SCt at 1914 (Alito, J., concurring in judgment) (rejecting the Weaver majority’s analysis and noting that cases involving courtroom closures “[call] for a straightforward application of the familiar standard for evaluating ineffective assistance of counsel claims” under Strickland). In our view, the Strickland test properly places a heavy burden on the defendant to prove that his counsel’s deficient performance negatively impacted the outcome of the trial. See State v. Mobley, 296 Ga. 876, 877 (770 SE2d 1) (2015). In doing so, Strickland requires the defendant to show how the closure of the courtroom affected the outcome of his trial. See Morris v. State, 308 Ga. 520, 531 (6) (842 SE2d 45) (2020); see also Weaver, 137 SCt at 1915 (Alito, J., concurring in the judgment) (“[A]n attorney’s error ‘does not warrant setting aside the judgment of a criminal proceeding if the error had no effect on the judgment.’” (quoting Strickland, 466 U. S. at 691)). Because we believe Reid faithfully applies Strickland, we see no reason to depart from it or add to it here. Finally, Reid rightly recognized that allowing a defendant to establish a claim of ineffective assistance without demonstrating that the failure to object affected the outcome of the trial “would encourage defense counsel to manipulate the justice system by intentionally failing to object in order to ensure an automatic reversal on appeal.” 286 Ga. at 488 (c); see also Weaver, 137 SCt at 1912 (III) (noting that “an ineffective-assistance claim can function as a way to escape rules of waiver and forfeiture and raise issues not presented at trial, thus undermining the finality of jury verdicts” (citation and punctuation omitted)); Freeman, 328 Ga. App. at 760761 (4) (noting that a defendant should “not be allowed to induce an asserted error, sit silently hoping for acquittal, and obtain a new trial when that tactic fails” (citations and punctuation omitted)). Reid, like Strickland, incentivizes defense counsel to perform professionally and competently in the first instance and eliminates any impetus for defense counsel to strategically withhold an objection to a courtroom closure that violates the defendant’s right to a public trial. In light of the foregoing, we view Reid as a sound precedent, and we see no reason to adopt a separate “fundamental unfairness” test as a new avenue for establishing a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel in the context of a courtroom closure. Weaver does not command otherwise. We therefore decline Alexander’s invitation to overrule Reid.[11] 5. We Affirm the Judgment of the Court of Appeals Applying Reid here, Alexander has not carried his burden of showing a reasonable probability that the outcome of his trial would have been different but for his counsel’s failure to object to the closure of the courtroom during the witnesses’ trial testimony. In his testimony at the hearing on his motion for new trial, Alexander suggested that, had his parents remained in the courtroom, the victims might have testified differently. But we routinely conclude that such speculation is insufficient to establish prejudice in a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel. See Strickland, 466 U. S. at 693 (III) (B) (“It is not enough for the defendant to show that [counsel's] errors had some conceivable effect on the outcome of the proceeding.”); Green v. State, 304 Ga. 385, 391 (2) (a) (818 SE2d 535) (2018) (“Mere speculation on the defendant’s part is insufficient to establish Strickland prejudice.” (citation and punctuation omitted)). Thus, because Alexander has not made the requisite showing of prejudice, we see no error in the Court of Appeals’ determination that Alexander’s claim of ineffective assistance of counsel must be rejected under Reid.[12] See Alexander, 356 Ga. App. at 395 (2). Accordingly, the judgment of the Court of Appeals is affirmed. Judgment affirmed. All the Justices concur, except McMillian and Colvin, JJ., disqualified.
