This Court granted Garcia’s application for interlocutory appeal in Case No. S24I0777, and this appeal followed. Upon review of the full record and the briefs of the parties, this Court has determined that the application for interlocutory appeal in this case was improvidently granted. Accordingly, the order granting the application is vacated, the application is denied, and the appeal is dismissed. All the Justices concur. Warren, Justice, concurring. In August 2023, law enforcement officers seized from Manuel Garcia $236,350 in cash and a handgun they characterized as contraband related to drug and firearm offenses. The State filed an in rem complaint for civil forfeiture against the property, naming Garcia as an owner or interest holder and listing his address in Florida. The State later obtained an order for service by publication under OCGA § 9-16-12 (b) (3), which says, in pertinent part, that if an “owner or interest holder is unknown or resides out of this state . . . , a copy of the notice of the complaint for forfeiture shall be published once a week for two consecutive weeks in the legal organ of the county in which the complaint for forfeiture is pending.” Garcia filed in the trial court a constitutional challenge to OCGA § 9-16-12 (b) (3), contending that it violates due process by permitting service of process by publication in the first instance, even when a person’s address is known, and the trial court summarily denied that claim.[1] We granted Garcia’s application for interlocutory appeal primarily to decide whether OCGA § 9-16-12 (b) (3) violates due-process principles to the extent it allows service only by publication when an owner or interest holder’s out-of-state address is known.[2] As explained more below, we cannot reach that significant question in this case, although it appears that the answer may well be “yes.” Indeed, we suggested as much four years ago in a case in which the same question was raised. In Crowder v. State, 309 Ga. 66 (844 SE2d 806) (2020), we addressed whether OCGA § 9-16-12 (b) (3) permits service of process by publication in the first instance on owners or interest holders who reside out of state. There, after construing the text, context, and structure of the statute, we concluded that it does. See id. at 69-73. We noted, however, that OCGA § 9-16-12 (b) (3) “may well implicate constitutional concerns regarding due process,” which “requires every method of service to provide notice reasonably calculated, under all the circumstances, to apprise interested parties of the pendency of the action and afford them an opportunity to present their objections.” Id. at 73 (citations and punctuation omitted). We explained that [b]ecause notice by publication is a notoriously unreliable means of actually informing interested parties about pending suits, the constitutional prerequisite for allowing such service when the addresses of those parties are unknown is a showing that reasonable diligence has been exercised in attempting to ascertain their whereabouts. Id. at 74 (citations and punctuation omitted). But we did not decide in that case whether notice by publication under OCGA § 9-16-12 (b) (3) violates due-process principles; the trial court had not ruled on that issue, so we remanded the case with the direction that the trial court consider the claim in the first instance. See id. In this case, by contrast, Garcia raised, and the trial court ruled on, the same sort of due-process challenge to OCGA § 9-16-12 (b) (3) that was implicated in Crowder. And it appears that such a challenge would have merit, because as we noted in Crowder, service only by publication on an interested party whose name and address is known generally does not comport with due-process requirements. See, e.g., Mullane v. Central Hanover Bank & Trust Company, 339 U.S. 306, 317-318 (70 SCt 652, 94 LE 865) (1950) (explaining that the United States Supreme Court “has not hesitated to approve of resort to [notice by] publication . . . where it is not reasonably possible or practicable to give more adequate warning,” such as when a person’s “whereabouts could not with due diligence be ascertained,” but that notice by publication to people whose names and addresses are known does not satisfy due process); Schroeder v. City of New York, 371 U.S. 208, 212-213 (83 SCt 279, 9 LE2d 255) (1962) (“The general rule that emerges from the Mullane case is that notice by publication is not enough with respect to a person whose name and address are known or very easily ascertainable and whose legally protected interests are directly affected by the proceedings in question.”); Mennonite Board of Missions v. Adams, 462 U.S. 791, 797-800 (103 SCt 2706, 77 LE2d 180) (1983) (reiterating the principle in Mullane, collecting cases following it, and holding that a state statute that allowed notice by publication and posting did not provide a mortgagee of property, who was readily identifiable, adequate notice of a sale of the property for nonpayment of taxes); Hamilton v. Renewed Hope, Inc., 277 Ga. 465, 466 (589 SE2d 81) (2003) (“If the name and address of an interested party can be reasonably ascertained, notice of a tax sale by publication does not meet the requirements of due process.”); Funderburke v. Kellet, 257 Ga. 822, 822-824 (364 SE2d 845) (1988) (holding that a statute authorizing the publication of notice of foreclosure of the right to redeem property did “not satisfy the requirements of due process under Mennonite”); Abba Gana v. Abba Gana, 251 Ga. 340, 341-344 (304 SE2d 909) (1983) (concluding that the trial court in a divorce proceeding erred by authorizing service of process by publication, which did not meet the constitutional requirement of due process because the wife testified that she knew locations where the husband might be found but could not pinpoint his current residence, such that she “was not reasonably diligent” in seeking his whereabouts). Unfortunately, though, we cannot reach the issue of whether OCGA § 9-16-12 (b) (3) violates due process in this case. The record shows that the trial court’s order authorizing service of process by publication pursuant to OCGA § 9-16-12 (b) (3) also directed service by certified mail sent to Garcia’s Florida address, and the State properly followed that direction. Service by certified mail generally satisfies due process. See, e.g., Dusenbery v. United States, 534 U.S. 161, 168-169 (122 SCt 694, 151 LE2d 597) (2002) (explaining that a statute that required the FBI to publish notice of an impending forfeiture proceeding and to provide notice by certified mail, which the FBI sent to the purported owner at the correctional facility where he was incarcerated, did not violate due-process requirements, and noting that service by certified mail is “a method our cases have recognized as adequate for known addressees when we have found notice by publication insufficient”); Mennonite Board of Missions, 462 U.S. at 800 (noting that “[n]otice by mail or other means as certain to ensure actual notice is a minimum constitutional precondition to a proceeding which will adversely affect the liberty or property interests of any party”) (emphasis omitted); Mullane, 339 U.S. at 317 (explaining that notice by publication was inadequate to inform people who could be notified by more effective means, such as mailed notice).[3] And that is so here. Under all the circumstances, I am comfortable concluding that service to Garcia’s address by certified mail provided notice reasonably calculated to apprise him of the forfeiture proceeding, such that his right to due process was not violated.[4] We therefore cannot reach the question of whether service only by publication under OCGA § 9-16-12 (b) (3) violates due- process principles. See, e.g., State v. Randall, 318 Ga. 79, 82-83 (897 SE2d 444) (2024) (explaining that when there is a basis on which to resolve a claim without reaching a novel constitutional argument, courts generally should do so). I therefore agree that the proper course of action in this case is to dismiss the appeal as improvidently granted. See, e.g., Monroe v. State, 313 Ga. 458, 458-459 (870 SE2d 404) (2022) (Peterson, J., concurring) (agreeing with the dismissal of an appeal on the ground that the underlying interlocutory application was improvidently granted, despite the fact that the appeal presented an important question, due to a defect in the case that prevented the Court from reaching the merits of that question). But because the authority from the United States Supreme Court cited above calls into serious question the constitutionality of OCGA § 9-16-12 (b) (3), we should consider addressing that issue in a case where it is properly presented. And because such a case may not arise soon enough, I encourage the General Assembly to consider amending OCGA § 9-16-12 (b) (3) to ensure that it comports with due-process principles.
