The U.S. government and a Texan seeking to overturn his gun conviction have offered the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit opposing readings of the Supreme Court’s recent ruling clarifying its history-and-tradition test for determining the constitutionality of firearm regulations.

Legal experts say continued disagreements among lower courts on how to apply the justices’ new test are likely to continue after the Supreme Court’s June 21 decision in U.S. v. Rahimi. There, the court told judges to focus on whether a modern gun law is in line with the reasons behind an analogous Founding-era regulation and rejected the notion there must be an exact “historical twin.”