How should we interpret our Constitution? Is it a living document, to be read in the context of present conditions and current knowledge, or should it be strictly limited by the “original meaning” on the day it was ratified? Although the debate may be unresolvable, the case of Williams v. Pennsylvania, recently decided by the U.S. Supreme Court, provides an almost textbook example of the contrast between the two methods. Justice Anthony Kennedy took a decidedly “living Constitution” approach to the case, while Justice Clarence Thomas addressed the central issue on originalist grounds. The difference was a matter of life or death.

In 1984, Terrance Williams was tried, convicted and sentenced to death in Philadelphia for the brutal murder of Amos Norwood. The death sentence was made possible by Philadelphia District Attorney Ronald Castille, who authorized the capital charge in writing.

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