In 1986, the U.S. Supreme Court held, in Batson v. Kentucky, 476 U.S. 79, that race-based peremptory challenges violate the Equal Protection Clause. Batson was a landmark decision, overruling precedent granting prosecutors virtually unfettered discretion to strike Black jurors. But Batson's shortfalls were evident from the first and have become only more obvious over time: "[T]he use of race-and gender-based stereotypes in the jury-selection process seems better organized and more systematized than ever before." Miller-El v. Dretke, 545 U.S. 231, 270 (2005) (Breyer, J., concurring).