The police in the United States kill approximately 1,100 individuals per year, about three per day. These numbers have not changed even after national protests following the police killing of George Floyd. (Tim Arango and Giulia Heyward, Despite Protests, Number of Police Encounters is Unchanged, N.Y. Times, Dec. 25, 2021 p. A15, col. 1). Although few police killings result in criminal prosecutions, many are the subject of §1983 Fourth Amendment claims filed in the federal courts.