The current practice of medicine involves various professional and non-professional participants who render medical services in addition to the attending physician. Some of these persons have special knowledge or skills with which the primary physician may not be conversant, and employing means which have never been implemented by the physician. Over the course of discovery in a complex medical malpractice case, it is expected that issues will arise as to the doctor's vicarious liability for others involved in the patient's care. Knowing where the distinctions are drawn will be helpful to the defense of your physician client.