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Before Boudin, Selya and Howard, Circuit Judges.

Frederick and Kimberlee Allen–husband and wife–appeal from their convictions for tax-related offenses. For some years the Allens filed annual federal income tax returns reporting their income. However, for tax years 1997 through 1999, despite reportable income, the Allens filed returns reporting zero income. On the advice of their dentist, and their own research, they concluded that no provision of the Internal Revenue Code imposed “liability” on them for taxes, and attached this explanation to their returns.

Beginning in 1998, the Allens succeeded in stopping their mutual employer from withholding income taxes from their wages by claiming exemptions from withholding. Later, in 2000, the Allens convinced their employer to issue them paychecks directly instead of through a payroll company, and to treat them as “independent contractors” not subject to withholding of social security and medicare taxes. In 2001, Frederick Allen managed to secure the return of earlier-paid employment taxes withheld from the Allens’ wages before their claim of “independent contractor” designation.

 
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