Electronic mail, or "email," has been a regular means of communication in the business world since the mid-1990s. The growth of electronic communication has in turn affected white-collar criminal investigations and prosecutions. What used to be a casual conversation or obscure memorandum—evidence of which was subject to the vagaries of memory and document searches—is now frequently available in an email. As a result, prosecutors and defense lawyers spend tremendous amounts of time and money sorting and reviewing electronic communications (and other electronic documents), arguably at the expense of finding and developing "old-fashioned" testimonial evidence.

The availability of electronic communications has affected the conduct of civil and criminal enforcement agencies in various ways. In its most stark form, a single email (or small number of emails) has been disclosed by prosecutors to put a company or individual on the defensive even before charges are filed. More generally, during an investigation, offhand remarks in emails, often quickly dashed off without much thought, can take on undue importance when they are viewed, often mistakenly, to represent considered judgments and thoughtful opinions.

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