'No practice is more ingrained in our criminal justice system" than that of the government calling a cooperating witness who participated in the crime charged to testify against others based on the expectation of a reduction in the cooperator's own sentence.1 But some recent complex white-collar cases that have fallen apart after cooperators pleaded guilty—the Collins & Aikman fraud prosecution, the "African Sting" Foreign Corrupt Practices Act cases, and the "Squawk Box" securities fraud prosecution—suggest that the cooperation system needs reexamination, and that at a minimum, courts should consider adjustments to the typical jury instructions regarding cooperator testimony.

In many white-collar investigations, the issue is not really who did what, but instead whether the conduct amounts to a crime at all, and whether the defendant has the requisite intent. Nevertheless, the government, aided by potentially draconian sentences, has considerable leverage to scare people into pleading guilty and cooperating against others for the prospect of probation or reduced prison time, even when the theory of criminality is tenuous and the case ultimately results in an acquittal or dismissal.

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