Prosecutors tend to extend the reach of white-collar criminal statutes until the judiciary, at some point, pushes back—the Supreme Court’s decision vacating the conviction of former Virginia Governor Robert McDonnell being the most recent high-profile example.1

In this article, we discuss another case in which the government’s expansive interpretation of federal statutes was narrowed by judicial interpretation—the Second Circuit’s May 23, 2016, decision reversing the $1.2 billion judgment against Bank of America’s Countrywide mortgage unit and a former Countrywide executive under the Financial Institutions Reform, Recovery, and Enforcement Act (FIRREA). In United States ex rel. Edward O’Donnell v. Countrywide,2 the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit held that the Department of Justice’s civil prosecution, premised on violations of the mail and wire fraud statutes,3 was flawed because it established, at most, a breach of contract. The government failed to allege or prove that the defendants acted with fraudulent intent.

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