Recitation, as required by C.P.L.R. §2219(a), of the papers considered in review of this motion. Papers/Numbered Notice of Motion with Affirmation 1 Affirmation in Opposition 2 Reply Affirmation 3 After oral argument held on September 13, 2021, and upon the foregoing cited papers, the decision and order on this motion is as follows: FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY Petitioners are occupants at 1777 Grand Concourse, Bronx, NY. Their petition seeks, inter alia, an order to correct outstanding violations and a finding they have been harassed, as defined in the Housing Maintenance Code (“HMC”). On November 4, 2020, the court issued an order to correct the outstanding violations. Later, the matter was scheduled for a trial to decide petitioners’ remaining claims, including harassment. On or about May 18, 2021, petitioners informed respondents they intended to call Gabriella Betances (“Betances”), an employee of petitioners’ counsels, as a trial witness. Respondents now move to for an order prohibiting Betances from testifying at trial, arguing that she acted as an attorney for the petitioners. §3.7(a) of The New York Rules of Professional Conduct (“RPC”) (see 22 NYCRR 1200.0) provides that: (a) A lawyer shall not act as advocate before a tribunal in a matter in which the lawyer is likely to be a witness on a significant issue of fact unless: (1) the testimony relates solely to an uncontested issue; (2) the testimony relates solely to the nature and value of legal services rendered in the matter; (3) disqualification of the lawyer would work substantial hardship on the client; (4) the testimony will relate solely to a matter of formality, and there is no reason to believe that substantial evidence will be offered in opposition to the testimony; or (5) the testimony is authorized by the tribunal. Respondents argue that Betances’ testimony would run afoul of §3.7(a) because she works at or for petitioners’ counsels’ office, albeit not as an attorney. It is undisputed that Betances has visited the subject building and plans to testify about conditions she observed during those visits. As such, respondents posit she has personally involved herself in the litigation and must be disqualified from testifying. Further, respondents argue that there is no reason for Betances to testify as “any information likely to be elicited” from her “can easily be provided by other witnesses, including the petitioners’ themselves.” In opposition, petitioners argue that RPC §3.7(a), the so called “advocate-witness” rule, provides guidance, but is not binding authority on this court and, in any event, the rule only applies to lawyers, “not to their firms’ agents or employees.” Petitioners state that Betances is a paralegal and “no different from the office investigators that law firms typically call to testify to disputed facts.” Petitioners add that the probative value and weight of Betances’ testimony should be left for the court to determine at trial. In reply, respondents stress that Betances has a “vested interest in the case by the sheer virtue of her involvement in the representation of petitioners,” and that she has “continuously acted as a substitute for petitioners’ attorneys. Thus, she ought to be disqualified under the advocate-witness rule. DISCUSSION Motions In Limine If successful, a party can obtain a preliminary order before or during trial excluding or limiting the use of the anticipated evidence or testimony. (see State of New York v. Metz, 241 AD2d 192, 198, 671 NYS2d 79 [1st Dept 1998]). In limine motions are left to the court’s discretion. (see Woodie v. Azteca Intern Corp., 60 AD3d 535, 875 NYS2d 475 [1st Dept 2009]; Caplan v. Tofel, 58 AD3d 659, 871 NYS2d 656 [2nd Dept 2009]). Traditionally, a motion in limine challenges evidence which is claimed to be inadmissible, immaterial, prejudicial, or requests a limitation on the use of evidence (see State of New York v. Metz, 241 AD2d at 198; see also, Smith v. Allstate Ins. Co., 912 F. Supp 242, 246 [W.D. Penn. 2012]). Respondents’ motion invokes the “advocate-witness” rule of RPC §3.7(a), basing their motion almost entirely on the fact that Betances has allegedly acted “as a substitute” for petitioners’ attorneys. Betances and RPC §3.7(a) aka The Advocate-Witness Rule The “advocate-witness” rule generally instruct[s] counsel to avoid the risks associated with participating as both advocate and witness in the same proceeding.” It “seeks to avoid the confusion and prejudice that may result where a testifying lawyer may have to offer arguments about his own credibility, or where adversary counsel may have to cross-examine the testifying counsel, or where there may be an implication that the testifying lawyer is lying to benefit his client.” (M.K.B. v. Ellgeston, 414 F. Supp2d 469, 470 [SDNY 2006]). Critically, the rule, while providing guidance, is not binding authority for the courts in determining disqualification. (see S & S Hotel Ventures Ltd. Partnership v. 777 S.H. Corp., 69 NY2d 437, 439, 515 NYS2d 735 [1987]). A threshold question is whether RPC §3.7(a) applies to non-attorneys. This court is guided by the plain meaning of the word “lawyer” in the RPC. A non-attorney employee is not a “lawyer.” (see Yaniveth R. ex rel. Ramona S. v. LTD Realty Co., 27 NY3d 186, 192, 32 NYS3d 10 [2016] ["In the absence of a statutory definition, 'we construe words of ordinary import with their usual and commonly understood meaning, and in that connection have regarded dictionary definitions as useful guideposts in determining the meaning of a word or phrase'"]). If §3.7(a) was meant to apply to employees, it could have been so written. (see Mulhern v. Calder, 196 Misc 2d 818, 823, 763 NYS2d 741 [Sup Ct, Albany County 2003] (declining to apply the ethical rules governing lawyers to nonlawyer employees of law firms)). To be sure, attorneys have an affirmative duty to “to insure that their employees conduct themselves in accordance with the code.” (Glover Bottled Gas Crop. v. Circle M. Beverage Barn, Inc., 129 AD2d 678, 679, 514 NYS2d 440 [2nd Dept 1987]). In Glover, however, the “defendants’ attorneys had hired a paralegal who had previously been employed by the plaintiff’s counsel and had worked on the litigation pending between the parties and had interviewed the plaintiff’s manager concerning the facts” of the case. (see also, Raffaeli v. Raffaeli, 51 Misc 3d 1226[A], 2016 NY Slip Op 50830[U] [Sup Ct, Westchester County 2016] (paralegal billed 534 hours at one party’s attorney’s firm then moved to the other party’s attorney’s firm); USA Recycling, Inc. v. Baldwin Endico Realty Assocs., Inc., 147 AD3d 697, 48 NYS3d 134 [1st Dept 2017]) (paralegal worked for both sides and arguably had obtained confidential knowledge)). Thus, these Rules of Professional Conduct apply to non-attorneys where the employee is privy to confidential information and then moves to the firm representing the other party. Or, in other words, the rules apply when there is an actual conflict of interest. That is not the case here. Respondents do not cite a single case where a non-lawyer employee of a firm was barred from testifying in similar circumstances.1 On the other hand, courts have not applied the advocate-witness rule to non-attorney employees. (see NYC Med. & Neurodiagnostic P.C. v. Republic W. Ins. Co., 6 Misc 3d 275, 279, 784 NYS2d 840 [Civ Ct, Kings County 2004] (a strict reading of “the rule refers to lawyers and not to “lawyers, their agents, servants, or employees.” From this, we may infer that the disqualification rules governing lawyers do not apply to “nonlawyer” employees of a law firm.”); M.K.B. v. Eggleston, 414 F. Supp2d at 471 (“As for the paralegals and interns, they are in principle no different from the office investigators that law firms typically call to testify to disputed facts.”)). CONCLUSION Based on the foregoing, respondents’ motion is denied in all respects. The court will contact the parties to arrange convenient trial dates. A copy of this decision will be provided to both sides by email. SO ORDERED, Dated: September 24, 2021
