ORDER AND OPINION GRANTING MOTION TO REMAND Defendant, Donald Trump, previously President of the United States, removed this criminal case from the New York Supreme Court to the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York. The People of the State of New York (the “People”) moved to remand. The question to be decided, and upon which I write, is whether the governing statute, 28 U.S.C. §1442(a), authorizes such removal. Section 1442(a)(l) allows “officers…of the United States” to remove a civil or criminal case brought against them in a state court, if the case is “for or relating to any act [performed by or for them] under color of [their] office.” The cases interpreting this statute, discussed later, require also that the officer raise a defense based on federal law. The issues have been fully briefed. I heard arguments and conducted an evidentiary hearing on June 27, 2023. I hold that there is no subject matter jurisdiction, that §1442(a) was improperly invoked, and that the case is remanded to the New York Supreme Court for further proceedings in that court. BACKGROUND I. Summary of the Indictment On April 4, 2023, a grand jury in the Supreme Court of New York, New York County, charged Trump with thirty-four counts of Falsifying Business Records in the First Degree in violation of N.Y. Penal Law (“NYPL”) §175.10. The Indictment alleges that the crimes were committed between February and December 2017, and can be categorized into three types of falsifications of business records kept and maintained by the Trump organizations: eleven counts of false invoices; twelve counts of false ledger entries; and eleven counts of false checks and check stubs, of which nine were signed by Trump personally-all with intent both to defraud and to commit another crime, or aid or conceal the commission thereof. II. Statement of Facts Filed by the People The Indictment was made more specific in a Statement of Facts filed by the People. (Notice of Removal (“Notice”), Ex. E (“SOF”).) The People allege that Trump, the beneficial owner of a number of businesses headquartered in New York County, became a candidate for election to become President of the United States in June 2015. In August 2015, Trump, Michael Cohen-a Trump Organization lawyer and Trump’s Special Counsel-and the Chief Executive Officer of American Media, Inc. (“AMI”), met to devise a scheme to suppress negative stories about Trump. (Id.
5-7.) In October 2016, at the direction of his Chief Executive Officer, the Editor-in-Chief of AMI alerted Cohen that Stephanie Clifford, an adult film actress known as Stormy Daniels, was seeking to publish an account of her sexual liaison with Trump during Trump’s marriage. Cohen met with Clifford’s lawyer and the two reached an agreement, with Trump’s knowledge, to exchange Clifford’s right to publish her account for $130,000. Trump did not want to make the payment himself. In discussions with Trump and the Trump Organization’s Chief Financial Officer (“CFO”), Cohen agreed to advance the money and Trump agreed to reimburse him. Cohen opened a bank account in the name of Essential Consultants, LLC, a shell company that he controlled. On October 27, 2017, Cohen deposited $131,000 from a personal line of credit into the account and wired $130,000 to Clifford’s lawyer. (Id.
