DECISION AND ORDER INTRODUCTION After extensive motion practice and multiple adjournments, the Court scheduled a jury trial to begin on February 5, 2024. See ECF No. 181. On January 30, 2024, Plaintiff filed an affidavit seeking recusal under 28 U.S.C. §§144 and 455 and the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.1 ECF Nos. 185, 193.2 Defendants oppose the motion. ECF Nos. 190, 194. As explained below, Plaintiff’s motion for recusal is DENIED. Jury selection will begin as scheduled on February 5, 2024 at 8:30 a.m. BACKGROUND On September 12, 2023, the Court issued a Decision and Order granting in part and denying in part Defendants’ motion for summary judgment and denying Plaintiff’s request for additional discovery under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 56(d). See ECF No. 110 (the “Summary Judgment Order”). Shortly thereafter, the Court scheduled a status conference for October 3, 2023 to “hear from the parties as to the progress of this action and, if necessary, set a trial date.” ECF No. 111. After hearing from the parties, the Court scheduled a jury trial for December 4, 2023 and issued a Pretrial Order, which scheduled a pretrial conference for November 15, 2023 and set the deadlines for the parties’ pretrial submissions. See ECF No. 116 (the “October Pretrial Order”). The Court also orally denied Plaintiff’s request for further discovery. See ECF No. 117. Plaintiff did not file his pretrial submissions by the October Pretrial Order’s November 1, 2023 deadline. See ECF No. 137. Nor did he request an extension of time. In light of Plaintiff’s status as a pro se litigant, the Court, on its own motion, extended his deadline by five days, but warned Plaintiff that future failures could subject him to sanctions. ECF No. 127. Plaintiff again failed to comply, and, on November 8, 2023, the Court issued an Order to Show Cause (the “November Order to Show Cause”) directing Plaintiff to respond in writing and show cause as to why the Court should not impose sanctions. ECF No. 131. On the same day, Plaintiff filed a motion for reconsideration of the Summary Judgment Order. ECF No. 132. Five days later, he moved for reconsideration of the October Pretrial Order. ECF No. 135. The Court proceeded with the November 15, 2023 pretrial conference, at which Plaintiff appeared by telephone. See ECF No. 142. During that conference, Plaintiff explained that he could not comply with the October Pretrial Order and required counsel both to prepare for trial and to represent him at trial. Id. The Court rescheduled the trial for January 8, 2024 and issued a new Pretrial Order, which scheduled a pretrial conference for December 19, 2023 and set a December 5, 2023 deadline for the parties pretrial submissions. See ECF No. 140 (the “November Pretrial Order”). After the Court denied Plaintiff’s motions for reconsideration, see ECF No. 141 (November 15, 2023 order denying as moot motion for reconsideration of October Pretrial Order), 150 (December 2, 2023 order denying Plaintiff’s motion for reconsideration of the Summary Judgment Order), Plaintiff again failed to file his pretrial submissions by the deadline set out in the November Pretrial Order. The Court therefore issued a second Order to Show Cause requiring him to respond in writing and show cause as to why the Court should not impose sanctions. See ECF No. 153 (the “December Order to Show Cause”). Plaintiff responded and also moved for a one-hundred-twenty-day adjournment of the January 8, 2024 trial date. See ECF No. 156. The Court again proceeded with the scheduled pretrial conference. See ECF No. 161. After hearing from Plaintiff, the Court again gave him another opportunity to file his pretrial submissions, extending his deadline to December 26, 2023. ECF No. 161. Plaintiff filed his submissions in accordance with the Court’s extended deadline, ECF No. 162, but did not provide the Court or Defendants with physical exhibit books in accordance with the November Pretrial Order. See ECF No. 183. Defendants then filed a motion to reconsider in light of recently unsealed state-court records. See ECF No. 169. In order to accommodate a briefing schedule, the Court rescheduled the trial from January 8, 2024 to January 29, 2024. See ECF No. 170. The Court issued a Decision and Order denying the motion on January 23, 2024. See ECF No. 181. Because of scheduling conflicts, the Court also rescheduled the jury trial for a final time, to February 5, 2024. See id. The trial remains scheduled for February 5, 2024. LEGAL STANDARD I. 28 U.S.C. 455 Under 28 U.S.C. §455(a), “[a]ny justice, judge, or magistrate judge of the United States shall disqualify himself in any proceeding in which his impartiality might reasonably be questioned.” “This provision governs circumstances that constitute an appearance of partiality, even though actual partiality has not been shown.” Chase Manhattan Bank v. Affiliated FM Ins. Co., 434 F.3d 120, 127 (2d Cir. 2003) (citing Liljeberg v. Health Servs. Acquisition Corp., 486 U.S. 847, 860 (1988). That is, it “deals exclusively with appearances. Its purpose is the protection of the public’s confidence in the impartiality of the judiciary.” In re Basciano, 542 F.3d 950, 956 (2d Cir. 2008). In assessing whether recusal is required under §455(a), a court must determine whether “an objective, disinterested observer[,] fully informed of the underlying facts, [would] entertain significant doubt that justice would be done absent recusal.” Id. The reach of §455(a) “is commonly limited to those circumstances in which the alleged partiality ‘stem[s] from an extrajudicial source.’” United States v. Carlton, 534 F.3d 97, 100 (2d Cir. 2008) (quoting Liteky v. United States, 510 U.S. 540, 544 (1994)). However, an extrajudicial source is neither a necessary nor sufficient condition for recusal under §455(a). See Liteky, 510 U.S. at 554. Unlike §455 (a), which addresses the appearance of partiality, §455(b) “addresses the problem of actual bias by mandating recusal in certain specific circumstances where partiality is presumed.” United States v. Bayless, 201 F.3d 116, 126 (2d Cir. 2000). Section 445(b)(1) requires recusal where the judge has a “personal bias or prejudice concerning a party, or personal knowledge of disputed evidentiary facts concerning the proceeding.” 28 U.S.C. §455(b)(1). An affidavit in support of a motion pursuant to §445(b)(1) requires a “factual demonstration of bias, not simply the appearance of impropriety.” Section 455(b)(1) “entirely duplicate[s] the grounds of recusal set forth in” 28 U.S.C. §144. Liteky, 510 U.S. at 548. Whether to recuse is, in the first instance, committed to the sound discretion of the judge whose recusal is sought. See In re Drexel Burnham Lambert, Inc., 861 F.2d 1307, 1312 (2d Cir. 1998). II. 28 U.S.C. §144 Section 144 provides that, whenever a party to any district court proceeding “makes and files a timely and sufficient affidavit” that the judge has a “personal bias or prejudice” against him or in favor of an adverse party, “the judge shall proceed no further” and “another judge shall be assigned to hear such proceeding.” 28 U.S.C. §144. The affidavit must state the facts and the reasons for the party’s belief that bias or prejudice exists. Id. The filing of such an affidavit “does not automatically disqualify a judge.” Apple v. Jewish Hosp. and Medical Ctr., 829 F. 2d 326, 333 (2d Cir. 1987). “The affidavit must be ‘sufficient,’ to provide ‘fair support’ for the charge of partiality.” Id. (citing Wolfson v. Palmieri, 396 F.2d 121, 124 (2d Cir. 1968) (per curiam)). “If it can be established that the affidavits submitted in support of a recusal motion are both ‘timely and sufficient,’ then the Court ‘must accept them as true for the purpose of ruling upon their legal sufficiency, however unfounded they may be in fact.’” United States v. Hicks, Nos. 15-CR-33, 23-CV-166, 2024 WL 162880, at *3 (W.D.N.Y. Jan. 16, 2024) (quoting IBM Corp., 475 F. Supp. at 1379)). If the affidavit sets forth a legally sufficient basis for recusal, another judge must be assigned to resolve the motion. See 28 U.S.C. §144. But no such forbearance is required where the supporting affidavit is insufficient on its face. See Role v. Eureka Lodge No. 434, 402 F.3d 314, 318 (2d Cir. 2005) (per curiam). Sections 144 and 455(b)(1) “are to be construed in pari materia.” Apple, 829 F.2d at 333. That is, “[t]he analysis is the same under both sections…it looks to extrajudicial conduct as the basis for making such a determination, not conduct which arises in a judicial context.” Id. It is within the Court’s discretion to determine whether the affidavit is legally sufficient. See id. Whether a party moves for recusal under §455 or §144, a judge “is as much obliged not to recuse himself when it is not called for as he is obliged to when it is.” In re Drexel Burnham Lambert, Inc., 861 F.2d 1307, 1312 (2d Cir. 1988). III. Due Process “A fair trial in a fair tribunal is a basic requirement of due process.” In re Murchison, 349 U.S. 133 (1955). “The constitutional fair trial requirement is indeed a ‘stringent rule,’ and will bar trial when the appearance of justice is not satisfied as well as in instances of actual bias.” In re Int’l Bus. Machs. Corp., 618 F.2d 923, 932 n. 11 (2d Cir. 1980). This right is independent from the rights conferred by 28 U.S.C. §§144 and 455, and “may well force recusal in instances where the statutes are not technically applicable.” Id. (citing United States v. Sciuto, 531 F.2d 842, 845 (7th Cir. 1976); United States v. Conforte, 457 F. Supp. 641, 659 (D. Nev. 1978)). However, the recusal statutes were enacted to protect Fifth Amendment guarantees, and it would therefore be “anomalous to hold that a claim under the statutes insufficient on its merits could nevertheless satisfy the constitutional standard.” Residents & Families United to Save Our Adult Homes v. Zucker, No. 16-CV-1683, 2017 WL 5641043, at *3(E.D.N.Y. Nov. 22, 2017) (citing United States v. Int’l Bus. Machs. Corp., 857 F. Supp. 1089, 1097 (S.D.N.Y. 1994). Accordingly, where a movant’s claim under §§144 and 455 fails and does not mandate recusal, recusal is likewise unwarranted under the Due Process Clause. See id. (citing In re Int’l Bus. Machs. Corp., 618 F.2d at 932 n.11). DISCUSSION I. Timeliness While, unlike §144, §455 does not contain an express timeliness requirement, the Second Circuit has construed §455 to require a timely application. See Apple, 829 F.2d at 333. “[I]n considering the question of timeliness, the actual time elapsed between the events giving rise to the charge of bias or prejudice and the making of the motion is not necessarily dispositive.” Id. at 333-34. In considering this “threshold issue,” the court must examine “[a] number of other factors,” including whether “(1) the movant has participated in a substantial manner in trial or pretrial proceedings; (2) granting the motion would represent a waste of judicial resources; (3) the motion was made after the entry of judgment; and (4) the movant can demonstrate good cause for delay.” Id. (internal citations omitted). Analysis of the first factor is straightforward, as Plaintiff has been a “full participant in this litigation.” United States v. Brinkworth, 68 F.3d 633, 639 (2d Cir. 1995). He has sought this Court’s review of rulings by Magistrate Judge Marian W. Payson, see ECF Nos. 94, 97, filed responses to Defendants’ motions, see e.g., ECF Nos. 100, 172-176, and filed motions of his own. See ECF Nos. 132, 135, 156. Moreover, his submissions have been extensive, see e.g., ECF No. 100 (affidavit and exhibits in opposition to summary judgment motion numbering over three-hundred pages); ECF No. 132 (motion for reconsideration numbering over one-hundred thirty-five pages); ECF No. 173 (declaration and exhibits in opposition to Defendants’ motion for reconsideration numbering over three-hundred pages). As for the second factor, the Court is not persuaded by Plaintiff’s argument that disqualification would “not significantly delay or disrupt the orderly resolution of this case and would not be a waste of judicial resources.” ECF No. 193-2 at 60. Plaintiff filed his motion less than a week before a jury trial was scheduled to begin. Another judge would therefore need to become familiar with the facts of the case, the parties, the evidence to be offered by both parties, and in general, the voluminous record in this case. Further delaying trial in a “case already [over five] years underway” would therefore cause “substantial delays and [a] consequent waste of judicial resources.” Brinkworth, 68 F.3d at 639. To support his argument, Plaintiff mischaracterizes this Court’s “active involvement” in this case, stating that it “traces only as far back as October 5, 2023.” ECF No. 193-2 at 60. But as the docket demonstrates, this Court’s active involvement predates the October Pretrial Order. See e.g., ECF No. 96 (March 23, 2023 Decision and Order overruling Plaintiff’s objections to Magistrate Judge Payson’s order granting Defendants an extension of time to file dispositive motions); ECF No. 98 (April 10, 2023 Decision and Order overruling Plaintiff’s objections to Magistrate Judge Payson’s order denying reconsideration of determination that Defendants had waived only certain objections to discovery requests); ECF No. 110 (September 12, 2023 Decision and Order granting in part and denying in part Defendants’ motion for summary judgment). Moreover, in the last five months, the Court has ruled on two lengthy motions for reconsideration, one filed by Plaintiff and one by Defendants. See ECF Nos. 150, 181. Given the Court’s active involvement in this case and the looming trial date, the Court concludes that this factor weighs against a finding of timeliness. See Weisshaus v. New York, No. 08 Civ. 4053, 2009 WL 4823932, at *4 (S.D.N.Y. Dec. 15, 2009) (concluding that recusal motion was untimely where the court had already expended significant resources in overseeing pretrial proceedings and adjudicating plaintiff’s claims). The third factor weighs in favor of a finding of timeliness, as no judgment has been entered in this case. As to the fourth factor, Plaintiff asserts that, to the extent there was a delay in bringing this motion, Defendants caused that delay by filing “frivolous” motions in this and another case involving both Plaintiff and Defendants’ counsel. ECF No. 193-2 at 57-61. Even if the Court were to accept Plaintiff’s representation that he only learned of the facts that, in his view, justify recusal on December 19, 2023, the Court notes that delays of less than two weeks have been considered untimely. See In re Martin-Trigona, 573 F. Supp. 1237, 1244-45 (D. Conn. 1983) (motion untimely when filed twelve days after hearing giving rise to purported basis for disqualification), appeal dismissed, 770 F.2d 157 (2d Cir.1985), cert. denied, 475 U.S. 1058 (1986). The Court also acknowledges, however, that Defendants filed a motion for reconsideration with hundreds of pages of exhibits to which Plaintiff needed to respond. See ECF No. 169. The Court therefore finds that the “good cause” factor weighs in Plaintiff’s favor, but only slightly. Although judgment has not been entered and, Plaintiff had cause for at least some of the delay in seeking recusal, his extensive participation in the litigation and the fact that he filed this motion less than one week before a jury trial is scheduled to begin weigh against finding that his disqualification motion is timely. Nevertheless, because recusal “‘strikes at the integrity of the judicial process,’ concern for that integrity recommends that [the Court] press on to matters of substance.” United States v. El-Gabrowny, 844 F. Supp. 955, 959 (S.D.N.Y. 1994). II. Grounds for Recusal Plaintiff’s asserts three broad grounds for disqualification that can be grouped into three categories: (1) the conduct of the October 2023 status conference; (2) comments made during the November 2023 and January 2024 conferences; and (3) the Court’s rulings on the parties’ motions. The Court considers each grounds below. a. The October 3, 2023 Status Conference Plaintiff takes issue with the conduct of the October 3, 2023 status conference at which the Court denied Plaintiff’s request for further discovery and set a trial date of December 4, 2023. Plaintiff argues that the Court’s (1) purported failure to comply with Magistrate Judge Payson’s scheduling order, which directs the parties to file a joint status report seven days prior to a trial date status conference and (2) decision to set a trial date reflect “clear and unmistakable evidence of bias and prejudice that warrants his recusal.”3 ECF No. 193-2 at 36-40. The Court disagrees. As a general matter, “[j]udicial case management is left to the discretion of the trial court and does not provide a basis for recusal.” Farkas v. Ellis, 768 F. Supp. 476, 479 n.6 (S.D.N.Y. 1991) (citing Johnson v. Trueblood, 629 F.2d 287, 291 (3d Cir. 1980), cert denied, 450 U.S. 999 (1981)). The Court’s decision to set a trial date after hearing from the parties at the October 3 status conference was within the Court’s discretion as a matter of judicial case management and does not, therefore, provide a basis for recusal. See id. Plaintiff’s conclusory allegations that this judicial act demonstrates actual bias or establishes the appearance of bias fall short of what is required to demonstrate that recusal is warranted under 28 U.S.C. §§144 and 455. See Giladi v. Strauch, 1996 WL 18840, at * (S.D.N.Y. Jan. 18, 1996) (denying disqualification motion where plaintiff offered only conclusory assertions that judicial acts and statements could only be explained by personal bias). b. The Court’s Comments at the December and January Conferences Plaintiff also argues that certain comments during two later conferences warrant recusal. After rescheduling the trial from December 4, 2023 to January 8, 2024, the Court held a pretrial conference on December 19, 2023. See ECF Nos. 140, 142, 161. At the December 19 conference, having reviewed Plaintiff’s response to the December Order to Show Cause, the Court asked Plaintiff to further explain why he could not prepare his pretrial submissions. Plaintiff reiterated that he did not know how to prepare his pretrial submissions and did not want to bind the attorney he hoped to retain to represent him at trial. See ECF No. 193-2 at 16. Given Plaintiff’s demonstrated ability to, among other things, prepare dispositive motions citing relevant law and procedural rules, the Court was skeptical of Plaintiff’s explanation and, according to Plaintiff, characterized it as “farcical.” See id. at 16-17. Plaintiff asserts that this comment “demonstrates extreme bias and prejudice — directed at him personally.” Id. at 17. Plaintiff also takes issue with the Court’s statements during the December 19 conference addressing Plaintiff’s medical care and his efforts to retain trial counsel. Regarding his claim that he had been referred to an intensive outpatient treatment program, Plaintiff advised the Court that he had spoken to someone involved in the program and was scheduled to meet with her for intake on December 22. ECF No. 193-2 at 22. In the absence of written documentation, the Court was skeptical of Plaintiff’s assertion. Plaintiff, however, claims that the Court’s attitude demonstrated that it was acting out of malice because written documentation is not normally provided as part of the intake process and because it would not make sense for Plaintiff to provide “such a detailed account [of his medical treatment] unless it was the truth.” ECF No. 193-2 at 24. With regard to Plaintiff’s efforts to retain trial counsel, the Court was similarly skeptical, and asked for proof that Plaintiff had made such efforts. Specifically, the Court asked Plaintiff to identify the attorneys with whom he had spoken. ECF No. 193-2 at 24. Plaintiff declined and offered to provide the names for in camera review, which the Court rejected. See id. While the Court’s comments may have been sharp, they do not demonstrate either the actual bias or the appearance of bias required to warrant recusal. To begin, the Court does not consider these comments to be “extrajudicial.” As explained in the Court’s December Order to Show Cause, the Court formed its opinion that Plaintiff had adequate knowledge to prepare his pretrial submissions on the basis of the educational background that he disclosed during a prior conference and his demonstrated ability to file extensive, substantive motions before this Court. See ECF No. 153 at 2. The Court’s opinion that Plaintiff’s explanations lacked credibility was grounded on this same information, in addition to Plaintiff’s written and oral explanations, all of which the Court learned in the course of these and prior proceedings. See Liteky, 510 U.S. at 555. Moreover, the Court’s skepticism of Plaintiff’s claims regarding his medical care were likewise based on Plaintiff’s filings and the explanation he offered during the December 19 conference. As was the Court’s skepticism that Plaintiff had spoken with several attorneys about representing him at trial in this case. Nevertheless, because “[t]he fact that an opinion held by a judge derives from” an extrajudicial source is neither a necessary nor sufficient to establish bias, see id. at 554-55, the Court will consider whether this comment displayed “a deep-seated favoritism or antagonism that would make fair judgment impossible,” id. at 555, such that recusal is warranted. A judge’s comments during a proceeding that are “critical or disapproving of, or even hostile to, counsel, the parties, or their cases, ordinarily do not support a bias or partiality challenge.” United States v. Carlton, 534 F.3d 97, 100 (2d Cir. 2008). “[O]pinions formed by the judge on the basis of facts introduced or events occurring in the course of the current proceedings, or of prior proceedings, do not constitute a basis for a bias or partiality motion unless they display deep-seated favoritism or antagonism that would make fair judgments impossible.” Liteky, 510 U.S. at 555. Nor can partiality be established through “expressions of impatience, dissatisfaction, annoyance and even anger, that are within the bounds of what imperfect men and women, even after having been confirmed as federal judges, sometimes display.” United States v. Wedd, 993 F.3d 104, 115 (2d Cir. 2021). Here, Plaintiff has failed to demonstrate that the Court’s comments display the deep-seated favoritism or antagonism that warrants recusal. Plaintiff may disagree with the Court’s determination that his explanations lacked credibility. He may also be dissatisfied with the manner in which the Court expressed its conclusion. And the Court acknowledges that it could have expressed itself more patiently. But as explained in the December Order to Show Cause and at the December 19 conference, the Court’s determination was grounded in its assessment of Plaintiff’s conduct throughout these and prior proceedings. See Liteky, 510 U.S. at 55; Carlton, 534 F.3d at 100. Because Plaintiff repeatedly failed to comply with this Court’s orders, it was reasonable to request proof that medical treatment would actually prevent him from proceeding to trial. Moreover, it appears that skepticism was warranted, as Plaintiff continued to litigate in related state-court proceedings and in his other cases before this Court despite submitting a doctor’s note stating that Plaintiff should not work on his cases for three months. See ECF No. 158
