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As commercial and residential property owners respond to the demands for clean energy motivated by carbon emissions concerns and the budgetary prerogatives of energy cost and governmental enactments creating financial incentives, solar installations are becoming more common both nationally and in New Jersey. As of 2018, despite its relatively small land area, New Jersey ranked sixth among the states in total installed solar capacity (https://www.seia.org/solar-industry-research-data), and has seen a dramatic increase in solar coverage over the last 10 years.

Solar panels and related infrastructure are often constructed as rooftop-mounted facilities, particularly in the northern, and more densely populated and built-up half of the state. The advantages of solar power installation should, however, be weighed against the preservation of the structural integrity and the useful life of the rooftop structures themselves. In particular, property owners should ensure that the warranty covering the roof itself remains effective in the context of the additional roof penetrations, weight, and wind loads the installation and continued presence of solar panels create. Legal practitioners should be mindful of the concerns of warranty coverage or preservation in the draft of solar power purchase agreements (PPA) and engineering, procurement and construction (EPC) agreements.

At the outset, it is important to distinguish two essential types of conditions or issues with respect to solar roof installations with different implications for warranty and liability issues. The first goes to the fundamental warrantability or insurability of the roof following the installation work, while the second involves whether and to what extent a warranty will cover the condition of the roof based on events subsequent to installation.

First, one of the primary issues arising in the placement of solar infrastructure on rooftops relates to the penetrations of the roof itself in connection with physical attachment or racking to support solar panels. In the case of Miller v. Icon Solar Power, a homeowner suffered significant and relatively predictable water damage caused by improperly sealed roof penetrations. (2015 WL 1514666 (Ohio Com.Pl.) (Trial Pleading)). Similarly, in complex litigation involving several insurance providers, plaintiffs alleged that a specialized coating installed specifically in advance of solar installation failed to preserve the integrity of the roofing of a commercial warehouse facility from water intrusion. (Westchester Surplus Lines Ins. Co. v. Arch Specialty Ins. Co. (2018 WL 6186601 (S.D.N.Y.)(Trial Motion, Memorandum and Affidavit)). These examples involve defects resulting from conditions arising at the time of the initial solar installation, and therefore relate to the willingness of a commercial roof warrantor to guaranty. Discussed below are best practices for drafting of solar installation agreements in regard to such concerns.

In contrast, problems that may arise from the placement of solar infrastructure, its weight or wind load properties, implicate the terms and conditions of any rooftop warranty and, as detailed below, relate to best practices in terms of the effectiveness and preservation of that warranty. The first consideration is the weight of the panels, an issue that may impact the structural integrity of the roof. Conventional solar panels may weigh approximately three to four pounds per square foot. In commercial settings, however, the load on the roof will likely include additional weight for racking that will provide support and appropriate angle for the solar panels. (https://www.atlasroofing.com/news/article/warranties-needed-for-rooftop-solar-panelson). These burdens would need to be evaluated in terms of the condition of the roof. In addition, the placement of solar panels and racking in the commercial (i.e., flat roof) setting may create wind hazards not otherwise present. For example, one case relating to Superstorm Sandy focused in part on claims that seven panels, each measuring three by nine feet, had blown off the roof of a New York City residential building during the storm, leading to both the loss of the panels and damage to the affected area of the roof. (Printing House Condominium Association v. Fireman's Fund Ins. Co., 2017 WL 46395150 (N.Y. Sup.)). Issues relating to either weight or wind load of solar panels are then likely to arise subsequent to the period of installation and therefore relate to which matters might ultimately be agreed to be covered by any solar warranty.

Conventional roof warranties would typically be expected to exclude from coverage both installation-phase conditions and damage, or claims arising during the useful life of the roof that may relate to additional weight or wind load in connection with solar panel installation.  GAF, as the largest commercial roofing manufacturer in the United States, offers warranty documentation that is both typical and instructive. Standard warranties include exceptions for “improper workmanship in applying … any other roof component,” where any defect resulting from roof penetrations or otherwise in installing solar infrastructure would not be covered under warranty. (https://www.gaf.com/en-us/for-professionals/resources/commercial-warranty-information). In addition, commercial warranties frequently include exceptions from coverage for matters resulting from “changes in the use of the building, or any repairs, modifications or additions to the GAF roofing materials after the roof is completed.” Without more, then, conventional roof warranties are generally drafted to exclude the kind of extra load or wind hazard created by the installation of solar panels.

However, the largest roofing manufacturers in the United States have made some progress down the road of resolving the imperatives of increased solar coverage using rooftop installations, and the need for security in the financing and integrity of roofing work. GAF, for example, offers a commercial solar roofing program that combines the installation of new roofing with solar facilities. Under this program, additional coverage for both installation defects and long-term wind damage is included. In addition, the company offers a DecoTech Solar Roofing System in the residential setting with an included warranty. Note that, even under this warranty, while manufacturing defects generally are covered for a 25-year period, “blow off/wind damage” conditions are covered for only a 10-year period. “GAF warrants to you that your DecoTech™ Solar Module(s) will not blow off, or sustain damage from winds, including gusts, up to 110 mph / 175 km/h due to a manufacturing defect.” Note that, although acknowledging the potential severity of wind-caused roof damage this warranty relates only the panels themselves, and “[c]osts related to underlayment, metal work, and flashings are not included.”

When drafting solar agreements on behalf of property owners that include a roof-installation component, practitioners should use care to insure that appropriate roof warranties are delivered or preserved, as appropriate. While more than one warranty may ultimately be in effect—there may be separate coverage for roofing materials and roofing workmanship—diligent representation should include an evaluation of the financial resources backing up any roofing guarantee, and it may therefore be best to take measures to preserve the warranty offered by an established roofing supplier. Solar agreements should stipulate the exact mechanism by which  the panels and racking will be attached to the roof and any padding necessary to insulate the roof surface from the solar infrastructure. Absent a comprehensive roof-solar package like the GAF products discussed, agreements may need to contemplate the interaction of multiple separate warranties for roofing, the solar equipment itself, and for workmanship. In such event, careful drafting should specify where one warranty ends and another begins. For example, for residential construction, the State of Hawaii has enacted legislation requiring the solar contractor to provide coverage for labor and workmanship in effect to fill any gaps in the coverage of the otherwise applicable roof warranty. (Hawaii Revised Statutes §196-7).

As noted, solar installation in New Jersey is extensive and promises to continue to grow. Under New Jersey's solar renewable energy credit (SREC) system, most property owners can realize substantial operational savings by installing solar generation facilities. Because these systems will frequently be installed on rooftops, implicating significant cost concerns in workmanship and the long-term viability of roof structures, practitioners should exercise care in maximizing warranty coverage.

Jonathan B. King is counsel with Porzio, Bromberg & Newman, in Morristown, and a member of the firm's Real Estate and Corporate, Commercial and Business Law Practice Groups.