Next to permanency in office, nothing can contribute more to the independence of the judges than a fixed provision for their support.” Thus wrote Alexander Hamilton, hoping to impress upon New Yorkers that an independent federal judiciary required that judges be paid decently. John Jay explained that “altho’ justice should be blind, there are no proverbs which declare that she ought to be hungry.”

The framers were conspicuous in their desire that the new system’s judiciary could be a force to reckon with. After all, they had just recently overthrown a king who, as Thomas Jefferson said, made “judges dependent on his will alone” for “the amount and payment of their salaries.”

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