In the 2011 case Stern v. Marshall, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that certain kinds of lawsuits filed on behalf of a debtor in bankruptcy could not constitutionally be heard by bankruptcy judges, but only by district judges who were appointed under Article III and had the protections of life tenure and a guarantee against salary reduction.

The court did not resolve the question of whether bankruptcy judges could hear such cases if all parties consented, and when the court granted review in Executive Benefits v. Arkison, the constitutionality of consent, as well as what form consent must take, were the principal issues presented.

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