Hydraulic fracturing is a water-intensive endeavor. From 2 million to 5 million gallons of water may be necessary to fracture one horizontal well in a shale formation, according to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.

The EPA recently issued a proposed rule that would prevent untreated fracking wastewater from being treated by publicly owned plants. The new rule, Effluent Limitations Guidelines and Standards for Oil and Gas Extraction Point Source Category (Docket Number EPA-HQ-OW-2014-0598), proposes pretreatment standards that would regulate the discharges of wastewater pollutants from onshore unconventional oil and gas extraction facilities that use fracking techniques.

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