Before DENNIS, GRAVES, and WILLETT, Circuit Judges. DON R. WILLETT, Circuit Judge: For a generation, the State of Texas and a federally recognized Indian tribe, the Ysleta del Sur Pueblo, have litigated the Pueblo’s attempts to conduct various gaming activities on its reservation near El Paso. This latest case poses familiar questions that yield familiar answers: (1) which federal law governs the legality of the Pueblo’s gaming operations—the Restoration Act (which bars gaming that violates Texas law) or the more permissive Indian Gaming Regulatory Act (which “establish[es] . . . Federal standards for gaming on Indian lands”); and (2) whether the district court correctly enjoined the Pueblo’s gaming operations. Our on-point precedent conclusively resolves this case. The Restoration Act controls, the Pueblo’s gaming is prohibited, and we affirm. I. Background A. The Restoration Act In 1987, Congress passed and President Reagan signed the Ysleta del Sur Pueblo and Alabama and Coushatta Indian Tribes of Texas Restoration Act.[1] But the Pueblo’s “restoration” came with a catch: In exchange for having its federal trust status restored,[2] the Pueblo agreed that its gaming activities would comply with Texas law. Section 107(a) of the Restoration Act is unequivocal: All gaming activities which are prohibited by the laws of the State of Texas are hereby prohibited on the reservation and on lands of the tribe. Any violation of the prohibition provided in this subsection shall be subject to the same civil and criminal penalties that are provided by the laws of the State of Texas. The provisions of this subsection are enacted in accordance with the tribe’s request in Tribal Resolution No. T.C.-02-86[.][3] The Tribal Resolution is similarly clear. The Pueblo requested that Congress add language to § 107 “which would provide that all gaming, gambling, lottery, or bingo, as defined by the laws and administrative regulations of the State of Texas, shall be prohibited on the Tribe’s reservation or on tribal land.” And it committed “to prohibit outright any gambling or bingo in any form on its reservation.” Finally, § 107(c) gives Texas a mechanism to enforce the gaming ban: “bringing an action in the courts of the United States to enjoin violations of the provisions of this section.”[4] B. The Indian Gaming Regulatory Act Not all tribes fall under the Restoration Act. Many tribes conduct gaming operations under the less restrictive structure of the Indian Gaming Regulatory Act. Enacted one year after the Restoration Act, IGRA aimed to establish uniform standards “to regulate gaming activity on Indian lands if the gaming activity is not specifically prohibited by Federal law and is conducted within a State which does not, as a matter of criminal law and public policy, prohibit such gaming activity.”[5] IGRA defines three classes of gaming, with varying levels of regulation: “Class I gaming” includes “social games solely for prizes of minimal value or traditional forms of Indian gaming” associated with “tribal ceremonies or celebrations.”[6] IGRA tribes have “exclusive jurisdiction” over class I gaming.[7] “Class II gaming” includes bingo and card games “explicitly authorized” or “not explicitly prohibited” by state law.[8] But the definition excludes “electronic or electromechanical facsimiles of any game of chance or slot machines of any kind.”[9] IGRA tribes may regulate class II gaming provided that they issue a self-regulatory ordinance approved by the National Indian Gaming Commission, which administers IGRA.[10] “Class III gaming” includes all forms of gaming not included in class I or II, such as slot machines, roulette, and blackjack.[11] Class III gaming is prohibited unless the tribe obtains federal and state approval.[12] C. The Pueblo’s Gaming Activities & Prior Litigation Since obtaining federal status under the Restoration Act, the Pueblo has repeatedly pursued gaming, and the State of Texas has repeatedly opposed it: Ysleta I: In 1993, the Pueblo sued Texas, arguing that the State refused to negotiate a compact in good faith under IGRA that would permit Class III gaming.[13] We disagreed, explaining that “the Tribe has already made its ‘compact’ with the State of Texas, and the Restoration Act embodies that compact.”[14] We concluded “not only that the Restoration Act survives today but also that it—and not IGRA—would govern the determination of whether gaming activities proposed by the [] Pueblo are allowed under Texas law, which functions as surrogate federal law” on the lands of Restoration Act tribes.[15] Ysleta II: In 1999, Texas sued the Pueblo to enjoin gaming on the reservation.[16] The district court granted summary judgment for the State.[17] It concluded that the Pueblo’s gaming did not comply with Texas laws and regulations and forbade the Pueblo from engaging in “‘regulated’ gaming activities unless it complies with the pertinent regulations.”[18] After considering equitable factors, the district court permanently enjoined the Pueblo from continuing its gaming activities.[19] We upheld the injunction.[20] • Other Litigation: Further litigation ensued over the next two decades, including two determinations that the Pueblo was in contempt of the injunction.[21] D. The Current Lawsuit After a court enjoined the Pueblo’s illegal “sweepstakes” gaming,[22] the Pueblo announced that it was “transitioning to bingo.”[23] The State inspected the Pueblo’s Speaking Rock Entertainment Center and found live-called bingo and thousands of machines that “look and sound like Las-Vegas-style slot machines” available to the public round the clock. Texas sued to enjoin the Pueblo from operating these gaming activities, arguing that they violate Texas laws and regulations. The district court agreed and granted the State’s motion for summary judgment. The Pueblo moved for reconsideration. Two weeks later, we reaffirmed in Alabama-Coushatta “that the Restoration Act and the Texas law it invokes—and not IGRA—govern the permissibility of gaming operations” on lands of tribes bound by the Restoration Act.[24] We also noted that “[t]hough Ysleta I arose in the context of the Pueblo’s trying to conduct IGRA class III gaming, Ysleta I does not suggest that the conflict between the Restoration Act and IGRA is limited to class III gaming.”[25] Soon after Alabama-Coushatta, the district court denied the Pueblo’s motion for reconsideration and permanently enjoined the Pueblo’s operations. But the district court granted the Pueblo’s motion to stay the injunction pending appeal, declaring the permanent injunction “effective ninety (90) days after all opportunities for appeal have been exhausted.” II. Standard of Review We review a trial court’s grant of a permanent injunction for abuse of discretion.[26] A district court abuses its discretion if it (1) “relies on clearly erroneous factual findings” or “erroneous conclusions of law” when deciding to grant the injunction, or (2) “misapplies the factual or legal conclusions when fashioning its injunctive relief.”[27] “Under this standard, the district court’s ruling is entitled to deference.”[28] “[B]ut we review de novo any questions of law underlying the district court’s decision.”[29] III. Discussion As in previous cases, the Pueblo avers that IGRA, not the Restoration Act, governs its ability to conduct gaming on its reservation. As in previous cases, we disagree. A. The Restoration Act governs the Pueblo’s gaming activity. Texas insists that the Restoration Act—not IGRA—controls. The Pueblo argues that the two laws can be read and applied harmoniously, but if not, IGRA controls. The district court determined that under our precedent the Restoration Act and IGRA are incompatible and that the specific provisions of the former prevail over the general provisions of the latter. The district court is correct. Ysleta I—a case between the same two parties—is squarely on point. In Ysleta I, we determined that “(1) the Restoration Act and IGRA establish different regulatory regimes with regard to gaming,”[30] and “(2) the Restoration Act prevails over IGRA when gaming activities proposed by the Ysleta del Sur Pueblo are at issue.”[31] In other words, the Restoration Act “govern[s] the determination of whether gaming activities proposed by the [] Pueblo are allowed under Texas law, which functions as surrogate federal law.”[32] Just last year—twenty-five years after Ysleta I—we reaffirmed its reasoning and conclusion in Alabama-Coushatta.[33] And we re-reaffirm today[34]: The Restoration Act and IGRA erect fundamentally different regimes, and the Restoration Act—plus the Texas gaming laws and regulations it federalizes— provides the framework for determining the legality of gaming activities on the Pueblo’s lands. B. Under the Restoration Act, all of Texas’s gaming restrictions operate as federal law on the Pueblo’s reservations. We held in Ysleta I and reaffirmed in Alabama-Coushatta that Texas gaming law “functions as surrogate federal law” on the land of Restoration Act tribes.[35] Indeed, the Pueblo agreed to the Restoration Act’s gaming provisions as a condition necessary to gain the benefits of federal trust status. In this case, the Pueblo argues that § 107(a) of the Restoration Act does not bar its bingo activities because Texas regulates rather than prohibits bingo. The Pueblo contends that (1) “prohibit” has a special meaning in federal Indian law as used by the Supreme Court in Cabazon Band,[36] and (2) courts should apply the Cabazon Band criminal-prohibitory/civil-regulatory distinction as the Supreme Court did when applying IGRA. This issue was also decided in Ysleta I. We held that “Congress—and the Tribe—intended for Texas’ gaming laws and regulations to operate as surrogate federal law on the Tribe’s reservation in Texas.”[37] And again, the Pueblo’s tribal resolution urged Congress to pass “language which would provide that all gaming, gambling, lottery, or bingo, as defined by the laws and administrative regulations of the State of Texas, shall be prohibited on the Tribe’s reservation or on tribal land.”[38] Under our rule of orderliness,[39] the Pueblo’s arguments are foreclosed by decades-old precedent.[40] Like the district court, we conclude that, under Ysleta I, “the [Pueblo] is subject to Texas’s regulations,” which function as surrogate federal law. C. The district court did not abuse its discretion by granting Texas injunctive relief against the Pueblo’s gaming. The Pueblo challenges a specific part of the district court’s permanent injunction analysis: the balancing of equities. Specifically, the Pueblo asserts that the district court erred because the balance of equities did not favor a permanent injunction given the significant economic impact of their gaming operations. Here, too, we side with the district court: “[A]lthough the Tribe has an interest in self-governance, the Tribe cannot satisfy that interest by engaging in illegal activity.” Allowing ongoing operations would countenance ongoing violations. Yes, the Pueblo benefits economically from gaming, but even if this is deemed a public interest rather than a private one, it is only achievable via unlawful gaming.[41] As the district court noted, Texas “and its citizens have an interest in enforcing State law, and seeking an injunction is the only way that the State may enforce its gaming law on the Pueblo reservation.”[42] The balance of hardships tips unquestionably in the State’s favor. The district court in Ysleta II also weighed equitable factors and determined that “[t]he fruits of [the Pueblo's] unlawful enterprise are tainted by the illegal means by which those benefits have been obtained.”[43] We summarily affirmed.[44] Here, too, “because the Tribe’s operations run contrary to Texas’s gaming law, the balance of equities weighs in favor of the State.”[45]The district court did not abuse its discretion. D. The Texas Attorney General had authority to bring this suit. Finally, the Pueblo argues that Texas—through its Attorney General— lacked authority to seek relief under the Restoration Act. In prior litigation, the Pueblo has conceded Texas’s authority to sue under the Restoration Act.[46]But in this case, the Pueblo cites a 1999 district court order from a previous Restoration Act suit brought by Texas.[47] There, the district court initially questioned the Attorney General’s authority to bring suit, but ultimately concluded, after Texas amended its complaint to include a state nuisance claim, that the Attorney General had the authority under both Texas and federal law to enjoin violations of the Restoration Act.[48] The Pueblo seems to suggest that the Restoration Act alone doesn’t provide the requisite authority to sue, yet it acknowledges that courts have held that Texas nuisance law provides an affirmative basis for the Attorney General to sue on the State’s behalf. Notably, Texas invoked its nuisance laws when pursuing this case. So even assuming the 1999 district court order stands for the claimed proposition, it matters not here. Next, the Pueblo argues that Texas nuisance law—as amended in 2017— no longer provides an affirmative basis for Texas’s suit. The amendments explain that “[t]his section does not apply to an activity exempted, authorized, or otherwise lawful activity regulated by federal law.”[49] Even assuming this provision reaches gaming activities, the Pueblo’s activity is not “exempted, authorized, or otherwise lawful activity regulated by federal law.”[50] First, the Pueblo’s gaming operation is not “exempted” from federal law; rather, it’s explicitly subject to injunctive action in federal court if it’s impermissible under Texas law.[51] Second, the Pueblo’s gaming is not “authorized” by federal law; indeed, the Restoration Act explicitly prohibits the Pueblo’s gaming activities: “All gaming activities which are prohibited by the laws of the state of Texas are hereby prohibited on the reservation and lands of the tribe.”[52] Third, the Pueblo’s gaming is not “regulated” by federal law, nor is it “otherwise lawful.” As discussed, Texas gaming law—federalized through the Restoration Act— prohibits the Pueblo’s activities.[53] Any argument that the Pueblo’s illegal gaming is “exempted” yet also “authorized” by law is absurd. Multiple Federal courts have repeatedly recognized that Texas—through its Attorney General— possesses the capacity to sue under the Restoration Act.[54] IV. Conclusion Our settled precedent resolves this dispute: The Restoration Act governs the legality of the Pueblo’s gaming activities and prohibits any gaming that violates Texas law. The district court correctly applied that straightforward precedent, and we AFFIRM the district court’s judgment.
