In Fort Bend County v. Davis, 587 U.S. ___ (2019), the court held that the requirement that a plaintiff in an employment discrimination case brought under Title VII, 42 U.S.C. Section 2000e, et seq, file a charge of discrimination with the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) prior to filing a complaint in court is a procedural and not a jurisdiction requirement. Therefore, an employer's failure to assert the absence of an appropriate charge of discrimination in a motion to dismiss results in a waiver of the defense. The U.S. Supreme Court's decision resolves a split in the circuits regarding whether the requirement is jurisdictional, and highlighted the importance of the charge of discrimination and the motion to dismiss in employment discrimination cases.

Lois Davis complained to her employer, Fort Bend County, that a supervisory employer sexually harassed her. Her complaint was investigated and Fort Bend County terminated the employee. Davis asserts that thereafter her supervisor retaliated against her for reporting the harassment by curtailing her work responsibilities. Davis filed a charge of discrimination with the EEOC.  Thereafter, Davis' supervisor notified her that she was required to report to work on a Sunday. She advised her supervisor that she had religious obligations on that day and could not report to work. She did not report to work on that Sunday, and Fort Bend County terminated her employment. Davis then revised her EEOC intake questionnaire to handwrite “religion” on the form, but did not revise or update her charge of discrimination to assert religious discrimination. Davis received a right to sue letter, and filed suit alleging discrimination on account of religion and retaliation for reporting sexual harassment.

Fort Bend County filed a motion for summary judgment that the district court granted. On appeal, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit affirmed the dismissal of the retaliation claim but reversed it as to the religious discrimination claim. Fort Bend County appealed that decision to the Supreme Court, and the Supreme Court denied certiorari. Only upon remand of the religious discrimination claim to the district court did Fort Bend assert in a motion to dismiss that Davis failed to satisfy the charge-filing requirement with regard to her religious discrimination claim.

The district court again dismissed the case, finding that the requirement to file a charge of discrimination with the EEOC was jurisdictional and the employer could assert it at any time. The Fifth Circuit reversed, finding that the requirement is a “prudential prerequisite to suit,” forfeited by Fort Bend County by its failure to timely assert the defense. The Fifth Circuit's conclusion was at odds with other circuits, which hold that the requirement is jurisdictional, and can therefore be raised at any time. See, e.g., Jones v. Calvert Group, 551 F.3d 297, 300 (4^th Cir. 2009); Robinson v. Dalton, 107 F.3d 1018, 1022 (3d Cir. 1997). The Supreme Court's decision resolves this split in the circuits in favor of the Third and Fourth Circuits, finding that the requirement is not jurisdictional, and that employers must assert it early, or risk waiver.

Fort Bend County v. Davis highlights important pleading requirements for both employers and employees. Employees must carefully craft charges of discrimination, and amend to assert post-filing conduct and the specific type of discrimination and wrongful conduct that occurred. Neither the Fifth Circuit nor the Supreme Court provided any guidance as to whether Davis' handwritten note on her intake questionnaire was, in fact, enough to meet the charge-filing requirement, but the case highlights the importance of drafting and amending carefully. The Third Circuit in Robinson noted that the purpose of the requirement is to provide the benefit of an agency's expertise and serve judicial economy by having the agency compile a factual record. The question remains whether the handwritten note was enough to trigger the EEOC to review the allegation.

Employers must evaluate charges of discrimination carefully against the allegations of the complaint, and assert the defense early in the case. Interestingly, Fort Bend County did file a motion to dismiss the religious discrimination claim upon remand from the first round of appeals, but the Fifth Circuit found, and the Supreme Court affirmed, that this was too late, occurring after “an entire round of appeals all the way to the Supreme Court.” While the Supreme Court did not provide guidance as to how late is too late, the holding requires employers to identify and assert the defense at the earliest available point. Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(h) states that the defense is waived by failure to assert it in a motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b) or in a responsive pleading or an amendment thereto. The rule also states that a party may not assert a defense pursuant to Rule 12 where the defense was omitted from a motion pursuant to Rule 12 filed earlier in the case. Rule 12(h) does suggest that the employer does not risk waiver by asserting the defense in a responsive pleading.

The Supreme Court's resolution of this split in the circuits—that is, that the charge-filing requirement is a prudential prerequisite to suit, and thus waived if not asserted—changes the strategy with regard to charges of discrimination and responsive pleadings in employment discrimination claims. The Supreme Court's holding provides lessons for all parties to employment discrimination litigation. To avoid motions to dismiss, employees will need to draft and amend carefully, a difficult task where, in many instances, the employee asserts the claim without the assistance of an attorney. Employers must review charges carefully, and determine how best and earliest to assert the defense to avoid waiver.

Patricia Collins is a partner and employment law chair with Antheil Maslow & MacMinn based in Doylestown. Her practice focuses primarily on employment, commercial litigation and health care law. To learn more about the firm or Patricia Collins, visit www.ammlaw.com.