U.S. citizens have long enjoyed traveling to the United Kingdom (U.K.) and Europe without needing to apply for a visitor visa or advance travel authorization. This will soon change with the rollout and expansion of the electronic travel authorization requirements for visitors, in the U.K. and Europe. The United States has an existing travel authorization program, which dates back to 2008.

Starting on Jan. 8, 2025, individuals traveling to the U.K., including U.S. citizens, will need to apply for the electronic travel authorization (ETA) to visit or transit through the United Kingdom (assuming they don't need a U.K. visitor visa). Later in 2025, visa-exempt nationals from more than 60 countries, including the United States, who plan to visit Europe will need to apply through the European travel information and authorization aystem (ETIAS). These programs resemble the U.S. electronic system for travel authorization (ESTA), which requires visa-exempt travelers from more than 40 countries to apply for advance travel authorization. The implementation of these reciprocal travel authorization requirements by the U.K. and Europe provides an opportunity to examine the U.S.'s ESTA framework and compare it with the ETA and ETIAS.