Editor’s note: This article is the first in a two-part series.

In Friedman v. Philadelphia Parking Authority, Civ. No. 14-6071 (E.D.PA, March 10, 2016), U.S. District Judge Mark A. Kearney of the Eastern District of Pennsylvania, in an unpublished findings of fact and conclusions of law, carefully parsed through the efforts of the Philadelphia Parking Authority—or, more accurately, the lack thereof—to preserve and produce discovery and found that, despite large and inexplicable errors by the parking authority, there was insufficient evidence to conclude, under the recently amended Rule 37(e) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, that it had intentionally destroyed or withheld discovery, and so refused to grant the plaintiffs’ motion for an adverse inference instruction.

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