In my November 2014 article titled, “Authenticating ESI—Yours, Theirs, and a Third Party’s,” I examined the many ways that a party can authenticate electronically stored information (ESI). One of the cases I discussed was United States v. Vayner, 769 F.3d 125 (2d Cir. 2014), which held that where the government offered evidence that a web page existed but not sufficient extrinsic evidence (e.g., who created it, who was accessing it as the owner of the website) to show who controlled it, a screenshot from the web page containing evidence making it appear that the defendant controlled the web page was improperly admitted.

Despite the fact that two years have elapsed since Vayner was issued, there is still much to learn regarding the authentication of ESI. Discussion of ESI has been so dominated by discovery issues—how to secure ESI, how to review it, when is the cost of a discovery request disproportionate to the value of the matter, and so on—that consideration of how and when ESI is admissible has taken a back seat.

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