The court of appeals affirmed a district court judgment in part, reversed in part, and remanded. The court held that the United States Forest Service failed to take the requisite hard look at environmental consequences on fish in an environmental impact statement associated with a forest management plan where it entirely failed to consider environmental consequences of a proposed framework on individual species of fish.

The United States Forest Service managed millions of acres in the Sierra Nevada Mountains under the Sierra Nevada Forest Plan, a Land and Resource Management Plan (LRMP) created pursuant to the National Forest Management Act.